NARRATOR: They can find prey without ever seeing it.
They can fly as silently as ghosts...
and they are powerful predators, both night...
and day.
Owls possess genuine superpowers.
To understand
their amazing abilities,
we're going to get closer than ever before.
Meet Luna and Lily.
Through the eyes of these fluffy little barn owl chicks --
and their unusual family --
we'll delve into the magical abilities
of these mysterious birds.
MAN: You wouldn't want to be a vole, nah.
No, no, life as a vole would be brief.
NARRATOR: Technology will reveal how they do it.
MAN: There's not a sound!
That is really impressive, isn't it?
NARRATOR: We're about to find out what makes owls special.
What gives these birds of prey
such a powerful edge?
NARRATOR: Owls live all over the world,
from the frozen north
to scorched deserts.
With their familiar faces,
these charismatic birds have captured our imagination.
There are about 240 different species.
And they appear to have conquered our planet.
They live on every continent except Antarctica.
So, what are the secrets of their success?
Owls are birds of prey.
Like their cousins the hawks, eagles,
and falcons, they have sharp talons,
a curved beak,
and a taste for small mammals.
But they also have unique skills that set them apart --
their superpowers.
[Owl screeches]
To find out more, we need to go
beneath the surface...
And start at the very beginning --
when all of the potential for this remarkable bird
is held in one tiny egg.
After 30 days of incubation,
the chick inside is ready to make an appearance...
but it's a tough task.
It can take 48 hours for an owlet
to break out of its protective shell.
MAN: What're you up to in there?
You coming out yet, little one, eh?
NARRATOR: Anxiously waiting in the incubation room
is an unusual father... for a bird.
MAN: I saw you move then -- I saw the egg move
[Laughs] You moved!
[Projector whirring]
NARRATOR: Lloyd Buck has been fascinated with owls
since he was young.
Now, he and his wife, Rose, have a whole family of birds,
including a barn owl called Kensa.
[Screeches]
Johanna, the tawny owl.
LLOYD: That's a good girl!
NARRATOR: Arnie, Brann,
Moses, PJ,
and Sasha, the tawny eagle.
Lloyd and Rose love and care for their birds
like their own children.
They also train them to star in films.
[Laughter]
ROSE: We've got a little pellet...
NARRATOR: They have a passion
for educating others about birds
and the importance of protecting them in the wild.
[Children laughing]
Through the eyes
of this special family,
we're going to learn more
about the owls' mysterious world.
Lloyd and Rose are going to put their own birds to the test.
And this year they're expecting some new arrivals.
Two barn owl chicks.
The first of them
is ready to hatch.
LLOYD: One more big push and you're out!
[Chuckling] Oh! There you are!
Hello!
Yeah, you've done well,
little one, eh?
[Chirps]
That must've been a huge effort, wasn't it, to get out of there?
See, it's easy to take it for granted when you're here,
but actually,
it's a really wondrous thing --
to see new life come into the world,
there's something really special about that, really special.
Mind you, saying that,
they're not the prettiest of owlets, are they?
NARRATOR: This chick and her younger sibling
have come from a pair of captive barn owls.
As they grow, they'll give us
a rare and incredible opportunity
to learn more about these secretive birds.
LLOYD: We've already thought of a name.
Well, she's Luna.
We always tend to give our birds names
'cause they become part of the family.
NARRATOR: With Lloyd's love and care,
Luna grows quickly.
And just six days later she meets her younger sister.
Lloyd and Rose call her Lily.
ROSE: Come on, then!
NARRATOR: During these early days and weeks,
Lloyd and Rose need to give Luna and Lily
round-the-clock attention.
ROSE: Delicious!
When they hatch, they're blind, completely helpless,
they can't even regulate their own body temperature,
and they need four feeds a day.
Aww, look!
It's just like babies, really!
But you've taken on a responsibility,
so you just have to get on with it.
NARRATOR: The owlets have a long way to go
before they transform into magnificent, superpowered owls.
Well, should we write down that you pooped today?
Eh?
NARRATOR: Nature will play its part,
but right now they're entirely dependent on Lloyd and Rose.
By the evening
everyone's exhausted.
But in the wild this is the time
when most owls are waking up.
[Owls hooting]
The tawny owl
haunts our nights.
But why choose to live in this dark and difficult time of day?
[Screeches]
With the help of a special heat-seeking camera,
we can enter this hidden nocturnal world.
It's springtime in the highlands of Scotland.
At this time of year
male owls are feeling the pressure.
This one has
a family of hungry mouths to feed in a nearby nest box.
The thermal camera reveals something else...
Many mammals are active at night.
So, despite the dark,
it's an ideal time to go hunting.
[Bleating]
Success.
The female comes right over to collect the catch.
Her owlets are a month old with a growing appetite.
One mouse won't be enough.
But luckily, there's plenty more
where that came from.
No other bird of prey can hunt in such darkness.
So, at night,
owls have the skies to themselves.
It's one of the keys to their success.
But how are they able to see in the dark?
This is where owls deploy the first of
their unique powers.
Owls have characteristically big eyes.
A tawny owl's eyes take up a staggering
70% of its skull.
For us, it's only 5%.
These large eyes
enable the owl to gather
as much of the available light as possible.
At the back of the eye,
the retina has a particularly high density of rod cells.
These cells are extremely sensitive in low light,
capable of resolving an extra layer of detail,
which is sent to the brain via the optic nerve.
These special adaptations mean a tawny owl
can see an image 2.5 times brighter
than the one we see.
Which helps it target small mammals lurking in
dark undergrowth.
But tawny owls
have another incredible skill.
They're territorial birds,
and as they fly around their home range
they create a mental map.
This means they can find their way in the dark
avoiding unseen obstacles.
So, it's the owl's formidable memory
combined with their sensitive vision
that helps them take advantage of the nighttime world.
At two weeks old,
Luna and Lily open their eyes.
But it's another few days before they can focus on anything.
Now, at three and four weeks old,
they're starting to take in their surroundings.
Good night vision
is probably the owl's best-known superpower.
But Luna was developing another one of her senses,
even before she hatched.
-What do you think? -Yeah.
-Should we check on his progress? -Let's have a look.
On occasions, if you call to 'em,
if you chip to 'em, they'll actually, uh,
call back to you.
[Whooshing]
[Chick responding] Amazing!
NARRATOR: Remarkably, owlets recognize
the calls of their parents even from inside the egg.
It's amazing! That tiny little "chip!"
We'll put him back in there.
NARRATOR: Which suggests sound must be
an important part of their world.
But just how important
is hearing to adult owls in the wild?
Among the derelict buildings of an old airfield,
this barn owl is on the lookout for her next meal.
Cold weather and a blanket of snow
have left her short of food.
So, she's been forced to hunt
in the day.
And now, she's got competition...
A kestrel.
It's one of the downsides of hunting
during the daylight hours.
And even worse, the snow means
she can't see her prey.
So, how do you find your food when it's hiding out of sight?
Hunger forces the kestrel to take a chance.
But his razor-sharp eyesight
isn't enough in these conditions.
Luckily for the barn owl,
she has another weapon in her armory.
Flying blind won't stop her eating.
Because although she can't see it,
she can hear her prey --
even under the snow.
The kestrel simply doesn't have what it takes.
How does an owl's extraordinary hearing work?
Some owls have ear tufts,
but these feathers aren't used for hearing.
They're more about communicating mood.
In fact,
the owl's whole head is designed
for listening.
Its distinctive round face
is shaped like a satellite dish
specifically to detect sound.
A ring of stiff feathers
channels the sound towards the true ears --
which are hidden at the side of the face.
Some species of owl
have one ear opening higher than the other.
This unique adaptation allows the owl
to work out what height a sound is coming from,
as well as the direction.
Sound arriving at the left ear
before it reaches the right
tells the owl it's coming from below.
At certain frequencies,
an owl's hearing
is ten times more sensitive than ours.
This extraordinary ability
means this great grey owl can locate its prey
even when it's out of sight.
But the owl's highly tuned hearing
is made even more effective
by yet another anatomical gift.
They can turn their heads through an incredible 270°.
If we did that
we'd cut off the blood supply
to our brains and pass out.
But owls have evolved special adaptations in their necks.
As their head turns,
wide spaces in the neck vertebrae
make sure the blood vessels don't get crushed.
And enlarged arteries at the top of the neck
create a reservoir
which supplies a constant flow of blood
to the brain.
This astonishing flexibility allows the owl to focus
its super-sensitive vision and hearing
directly at its prey.
In just two months
there's been an amazing transformation.
Luna and Lily
have grown from helpless little chicks...
to near adult barn owls.
Now, they're fluffy down is being pushed out
by real flight feathers.
Which marks the arrival of the biggest milestone
in their young lives.
ROSE: Luna, come get weighed!
NARRATOR: Now that Luna
has started using her wings,
she's being slightly
less cooperative about her daily weigh-in.
ROSE: I know you're hungry.
Good girl! Now, stay.
Don't go mad.
Steady, steady.
Good girl! That's it!
Wha-hey-hey! [Laughs]
Luna, you can fly!
NARRATOR: Luna's very first flight
starts with a leap of faith from the scales.
And now she's hop-flying every chance she can get.
Leaving her younger sister to stare in wonder.
Mastering this new skill doesn't happen overnight.
ROSE: She might have another go, though.
NARRATOR: But it's something she must get right --
her ability to hunt depends on it.
LLOYD: Luna...
Don't fall in the bucket of water!
Oh!
[Chuckling]
I told you not to go in the bucket of water.
ROSE: Oh, poor thing!
LLOYD: You'll get very wet.
I don't think you'll do that again in a hurry.
NARRATOR: Luna and Lily
are still spending the night in the house.
Now Luna can fly, nowhere is out-of-bounds.
And her enthusiastic flight practice
is getting her into trouble.
LLOYD: Oi, that's a picture, Luna.
[Both laughing]
NARRATOR: But Luna is lucky --
a house is a relatively safe place
to practice this vital skill.
In the wild, some owls
face a monumental challenge.
California Redwoods are giants of the forest --
the tallest trees in the world.
And perched precariously at the top of this one
is a family of great grey owls.
It's a wonderfully safe place for a nest.
But when it comes to learning to fly,
there are some obvious challenges.
Launching yourself off
the equivalent of a 30-story building
takes some courage.
Until they get the hang of it,
the owlets rely on being able
to...get a grip.
This is less flying, more...
"falling with style."
He makes it safely to the ground.
But they must keep practicing, so, now,
it's a long, hard climb back to the top.
And it's not long before they have liftoff.
Although Lily is a week younger than Luna,
like any younger sibling,
she's not going to be left behind.
Oh, you're a clever, clever, clever girl!
I know you're hungry.
NARRATOR: Before long, she's progressed from flapping
to flying.
ROSE: Oh, that is so clever!
NARRATOR: The power of flight
is something that sets birds apart.
ROSE: Lily! Ooh!
NARRATOR: And owls have refined their technique
with some incredible adaptations.
LLOYD: Ready?
-ROSE: You ready? -LLOYD: Yep.
Lily! Come on!
NARRATOR: To fully understand how owls are different,
we need to go back to basics.
What does it take for Lily to get airborne?
To find out,
Lloyd and Rose have enlisted
the help of bird expert Professor Graham Martin
and high-speed cameraman Mark Payne-Gill.
For a bird to take to the air
it has to overcome two forces...
gravity, the invisible pull that keeps us grounded...
and drag, which is the resistance we experience
as we move through the air.
Bird use their wings
to create lift and thrust.
But how do they do it?
Birds' wings are the shape of an aerofoil.
Air traveling over the top of the wing
has to travel faster than air traveling beneath.
This creates a difference in air pressure,
which generates lift.
To gain forward momentum birds flap their wings.
This makes the air flowing over them
spiral off the trailing edge...
creating vortices that thrust the bird forwards and upwards.
These are the basic principles
of all flight.
But what's so unique about the way owls fly?
We fly quite a few different types of bird, vary in sizes.
But the one thing I notice about the owls
is they always appear to be a lot slower
in their flying than the other birds.
MARTIN: Well, all birds have got different wing shapes and they
can fly at different speeds -- it's just like aircraft.
So, if you look at the wing size of a barn owl,
it's actually got a very big wing,
and so, they can fly very slow, very controlled.
NARRATOR: To really understand the barn owls' slow flight,
Lloyd is putting Lily to the test
against two of his other birds.
Maisie, the grey lag goose --
a long-distance endurance flier.
And Moses,
the peregrine falcon --
one of the fastest birds on Earth.
The peregrine takes the lead.
Its long and pointed wings are quite flat,
designed for speed and maneuverability
which it needs to hunt.
The goose is next.
At six pounds, its relatively short and narrow wings
work hard to get it airborne.
The barn owl has the largest wings
in relation to its body.
And its aerofoil is very curved,
which generates a huge amount of lift.
So, the barn owl can fly slower and with fewer wingbeats
than most other birds
ROSE: Whoo! Good girl!
NARRATOR: But why is that important?
Sometimes when you're watching the owls fly,
they go so slowly it looks as if
they're not going to be able to maintain flight.
That's right, they are actually flying so slow
that they're very, very close to stalling.
But, of course, that's what they need to do.
Because when they're doing that very, very slow flight,
they're hunting.
It may be just a little rustle in the grass,
so they've got to be in the position
to drop out of the sky
and investigate it.
-And get a nice, tasty vole. -Absolutely, yeah.
NARRATOR: Owls have evolved a wing design
perfectly suited for their aerial hunting strategy --
slow, yet deadly.
But the refinements don't stop there.
These birds have fine-tuned their flight
so each species has subtle adaptations
for the environment it lives in.
Like the barn owl,
these short-eared owls have very large, broad wings,
ideal for flying slowly
while hunting over open ground.
Owls that live in woodland,
like tawny owls,
have shorter, more rounded wings,
to help them maneuver between trees.
Wherever they live,
all owls have an amazing aerial agility.
They're even able to take off vertically
from a standstill.
It's a great defensive move,
especially when you've got young to protect.
A dive-bombing arctic skua is no match
for the snowy owl.
Such mastery of the skies
seems to make these owls fearless, even against
one of the arctic's largest predators.
Her supreme courage and skill drive the wolves away.
And her family is safe.
Owls have one more amazing superpower.
And this one is totally unique.
Something Lloyd and Rose
have noticed with their 11-year-old barn owl Kensa.
When she flies across the meadow,
she's mysteriously quiet.
How quiet is a hunting barn owl?
LLOYD: Kensa! [Whistles]
NARRATOR: To find out,
Lloyd has taken Kensa to a special studio...
where Graham and sound recordist Gary Moore
are going to put her to the test.
Against Smudge, the pigeon.
And Moses, the peregrine.
The birds' challenge?
To fly over a series of super sensitive microphones.
[Rose calling birds]
[Pigeon squawking]
Good girl.
[Lloyd calling bird]
LLOYD: Moses? Mo?
NARRATOR: And now it's Kensa's turn.
[Lloyd calling]
Kensa!
LLOYD: Did you hear anything?
Wow! No, nothing at all, absolutely quiet.
It was amazing.
NARRATOR: But what have the microphones picked up?
The decibel wave forms
show the sound being generated by the birds in flight.
Each spike is an individual wingbeat.
But with the barn owl... there's almost nothing.
Even our array
of super sensitive microphones fails to pick up
any sound of Kensa in flight.
[Bird screeches]
Nothing. Nothing at all.
I'll play it again.
[Screeching]
[Screech]
LLOYD: There's not a sound!
That is really impressive, isn't it?
It shows that they really are silent fliers.
NARRATOR: How does a barn owl
fly so silently?
When air moves it generates sound.
The more movement, the greater the sound.
The pigeon's large body and small wings
mean it can't stay airborne
without a lot of fast flapping.
This creates turbulence in the feathers below.
The peregrine has much larger wings,
which it uses to build up speed and chase down its prey.
The barn owl
is far more graceful.
Kensa's large wings and small body
make it easier for her to generate lift.
Just one gentle wingbeat
sees her gliding effortlessly through the air...
creating little more than a whisper
in the feathers below.
But that's not the only thing
that helps the barn owl achieve near-silent flight.
It has an amazing adaptation which reduces air movement
even further.
Its flight feathers have noise-reducing fringes
on the leading and trailing edges.
And they have a velvet-like top to them.
These soft surfaces
absorb air movement,
reducing any turbulence and minimizing sound.
Silent flight is a crucial part of
the barn owl's hunting strategy...
allowing them to approach their prey unheard.
But like every superpowered creature,
owls have their Kryptonite...
[Thunder rolling]
Rain.
This male short-eared owl
has a young family back at the nest.
When it rains they're all at risk.
[Thunder rolling]
Because there's a price to pay for having silent feathers.
They can't also be waterproof.
The female hunkers down.
She can't move
or her chicks will be at risk of hypothermia.
The male is struggling, too.
He can't hear his prey over the driving rain.
So, today, his family will go hungry.
Wet weather can be fatal for owls.
It's one of the reasons
some don't make it through their first winter.
Learning to hunt for themselves
is a challenge all young owls face
if they're going to survive.
Little owls fledge between four and five weeks.
After this, their parents encourage them
to fend for themselves.
The adults usually hunt voles
and other small mammals.
But these youngsters don't have the experience
to take on such tricky prey.
So, they start by practicing on something a bit easier.
Earthworms won't be enough to see them through the winter.
But they're great for honing
their hunting technique.
As birds of prey, owls are defined by their habit
for hunting small animals.
Mastering the kill is a critical survival skill.
But it's clearly not easy.
So, what exactly is it youngsters need to learn?
[Screeching]
To find out, Lloyd has brought Kensa to meet
animal locomotion scientist, Dr. Jim Usherwood.
Together, they'll try to deconstruct
the moment she pounces on her prey.
In Jim's laboratory,
they've created a mini hunting ground.
Concealed beneath the turf
are special plates that will enable Jim to measure
the forces at play.
Lloyd has taught Kensa
to associate food with a beeping sound.
When Rose presses the button,
the box emits a beep.
And Kensa knows where to find her food.
[Beeping]
LLOYD: You clever old barn owl.
How much force, then,
does she exert on the pounce?
USHERWOOD: So, here we have the vertical forces of the owl.
And so, there's the force
of taking off,
and then you see some fairly powerful flaps,
and then she eases off the gas,
uses gravity to come back down at speed,
hits the ground at about five meters per second,
with a force that's
something like 12 times body weight.
NARRATOR: This is the moment an owl must bring
all its unique powers together.
Hanging silently in the air,
Kensa uses her hearing and eyesight
to find her target
She angles her face to pinpoint the sound.
Once she's locked on,
she positions her entire body for the pounce.
And then what I find really interesting,
look, when she comes down,
basically she's going head-first towards the ground.
USHERWOOD: And it's only now the legs come forwards,
but the legs are still very, very bent.
And then it's right at the very end the legs extend,
and then you get that thump.
LLOYD: So, she's coming down at five meters a second,
she's hitting the ground at around 12 times her body weight.
Which would make sense,
because primarily she's hunting small mammals,
so she wants to hit them with as much force as possible
to disable it and kill it.
USHERWOOD: What I was thinking was that
those long legs would be useful to ease off the force.
But she's not easing off at all --
she's actually extending the legs
just as she hits the ground.
Then gives it a good old thump.
NARRATOR: To put this in perspective,
the force of Kensa's pounce is the equivalent of
an eight-ton truck hitting a 170 pound man.
It's unlikely her prey would survive the impact.
You wouldn't want to be a vole, would you, now?
No, no, life as a vole would be brief.
NARRATOR: The journey to mastering
such finely tuned superpowers starts early.
It's three months since Luna and Lily entered the world.
Now, it's time to see if their skills are coming together.
LLOYD: Come on, Luna. [Beep]
Luna.
ROSE [laughing]: Mind your feet!
-Lily, come here. -LLOYD: Luna.
NARRATOR: Luna and Lily have grown up
in an extraordinary family
and become bold and confident birds.
ROSE: Yep!
[Rose laughing]
LLOYD: Luna! You're not supposed to be on the camera.
ROSE: Lily!
Good girl! Good girl.
NARRATOR: But despite their unusual upbringing,
out in the meadow
their natural instincts kick in.
They're hunting just like adult barn owls,
using all their superpowers --
keen eyesight, extraordinary hearing,
and slow-and-silent flight.
[Lloyd calling] Good girl, come on.
NARRATOR: Nature has played its part...
[Beeping]
And Lloyd and Rose have done everything they can
to get both birds to this moment.
But while Lily continues to hone her skills
living alongside them,
there's been an unexpected twist to her sister's story.
One evening,
Luna flew off...
and she didn't come back.
For Lloyd, it's a natural step from owlet to adult,
reassuring him that he's equipped her with
everything she needs for an independent life.
LLOYD: I've given her all the skills
that she needs to survive.
I've been her parent, she's chosen to go.
It's her choice,
and we always say they've got that choice
to stay or go.
It's sad for me because you get really attached to them,
but they don't have those trappings of human sentiment.
She's just gone on to the wild to do her own thing.
NARRATOR: Now more than ever, Luna will rely on
those special skills that set owls apart.
For centuries, these enchanting birds
have captured our imagination.
With their haunting calls
and ghostly appearance,
owls add a magic and mystery to our landscapes.
Their charismatic faces are so familiar,
perhaps because
they look so much more human than other birds.
But it's all their owl powers
that make them one of the most successful
and best loved birds on our planet.
To learn more about what you've seen on this "Nature" program,
visit pbs.org.