1 00:00:02,603 --> 00:00:03,836 Male reporter: FIDEL CASTRO COULD LEGITIMATELY BE REGARDED 2 00:00:03,938 --> 00:00:07,806 AS EITHER A HERO OR AS A TYRANT OR AS BOTH AT THE SAME TIME. 3 00:00:07,908 --> 00:00:12,611 Narrator: IN 1959, FIDEL CASTRO ROSE TO POWER IN CUBA. 4 00:00:12,713 --> 00:00:15,581 Man: COMMANDER CASTRO, WHY ARE YOU LEADING A REVOLUTION? 5 00:00:15,683 --> 00:00:17,750 Narrator: HE HAS BEEN ONE OF THE MOST CONTROVERSIAL FIGURES 6 00:00:17,852 --> 00:00:20,986 IN THE WORLD EVER SINCE... 7 00:00:27,128 --> 00:00:30,896 Narrator: A POLITICAL THORN IN THE SIDE OF THE UNITED STATES. 8 00:00:30,998 --> 00:00:33,032 James C. Hagerty: OUR SYMPATHY GOES OUT TO THE PEOPLE OF CUBA 9 00:00:33,134 --> 00:00:36,368 NOW SUFFERING UNDER THE YOLK OF A DICTATOR. 10 00:00:36,470 --> 00:00:40,439 Narrator: THIS IS CASTRO'S STORY TOLD THROUGH MEDIA REPORTS... 11 00:00:40,541 --> 00:00:43,675 Male announcer: FIDEL CASTRO, "FACE THE NATION." 12 00:00:43,778 --> 00:00:44,910 Narrator: RARE IMAGES... 13 00:00:46,447 --> 00:00:47,579 AND RECORDINGS. 14 00:00:54,889 --> 00:00:56,822 Male reporter: FIDEL CASTRO BELIEVED THE CIA 15 00:00:56,924 --> 00:00:59,625 HAD BEEN INVOLVED IN A SERIES OF PLOTS ON HIS LIFE. 16 00:00:59,727 --> 00:01:03,462 Narrator: SOME OF THIS MATERIAL HAS NEVER BEEN BROADCAST. 17 00:01:03,564 --> 00:01:06,498 SOME OF IT HAS NOT BEEN SEEN IN DECADES. 18 00:01:10,938 --> 00:01:12,471 Stuart Novins: DR. CASTRO, YOU ARE A LAWYER, 19 00:01:12,573 --> 00:01:14,339 AND I'M AFRAID I WILL HAVE TO ACT AS A JUDGE. 20 00:01:14,442 --> 00:01:16,675 WE'D LIKE YOU TO ANSWER OUR QUESTIONS. 21 00:01:16,777 --> 00:01:18,343 THERE ARE THEORIES THAT YOU HELD 22 00:01:18,446 --> 00:01:20,612 PRESIDENT KENNEDY RESPONSIBLE 23 00:01:20,714 --> 00:01:23,282 AND THAT YOU WERE INVOLVED IN HIS ASSASSINATION. 24 00:01:23,384 --> 00:01:25,050 DID YOU HAVE ANYTHING TO DO WITH IT? 25 00:01:46,040 --> 00:01:47,840 Male announcer: THIS PROGRAM WAS MADE POSSIBLE IN PART 26 00:01:47,942 --> 00:01:51,110 BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS STATIONS FROM... 27 00:01:55,182 --> 00:01:57,382 Narrator: CUBA, THE LATE 1950s. 28 00:01:57,485 --> 00:02:02,087 FOR TOURISTS, CUBA IS AN EXOTIC LAND OF WONDER-- 29 00:02:02,189 --> 00:02:08,527 GAMBLING CASINOS, RESTAURANTS, LUXURY HOTELS, SWIMMING POOLS, 30 00:02:08,629 --> 00:02:10,429 AND MILES OF PRISTINE BEACHES. 31 00:02:10,531 --> 00:02:13,165 [MAN SINGING IN SPANISH] 32 00:02:21,242 --> 00:02:24,343 JUST 90 MILES FROM THE UNITED STATES, 33 00:02:24,445 --> 00:02:27,513 CUBA IS A PLAYGROUND FOR AMERICANS... 34 00:02:28,716 --> 00:02:30,115 BUT FOR MANY CUBANS, 35 00:02:30,217 --> 00:02:32,985 LIFE ON THE ISLAND IS NO PARADISE. 36 00:02:33,087 --> 00:02:36,522 IN ISLAND'S INTERIOR, FAR FROM WHERE TOURISTS STAY, 37 00:02:36,624 --> 00:02:38,557 POVERTY RUNS RAMPANT. 38 00:02:38,659 --> 00:02:41,727 THE EDUCATION AND HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS ARE POOR. 39 00:02:41,829 --> 00:02:45,964 LIVING CONDITIONS RIVAL THOSE OF ANY THIRD-WORLD COUNTRY. 40 00:02:46,066 --> 00:02:49,067 MUCH OF THE BLAME FOR THE NATION'S VAST DICHOTOMY 41 00:02:49,170 --> 00:02:53,205 BETWEEN RICH AND POOR CAN BE LAID AT THE FEET OF ONE MAN-- 42 00:02:53,307 --> 00:02:55,440 CUBA'S PRESIDENT. 43 00:02:55,543 --> 00:02:57,376 Male reporter: FULGENCIO BATISTA-- 44 00:02:57,478 --> 00:03:00,078 FORMER ARMY SERGEANT, FORMER GENERAL-- 45 00:03:00,181 --> 00:03:03,048 HOLDS THE REIGNS OF POWER AS BACKED BY THE ARMY 46 00:03:03,150 --> 00:03:05,817 AND BY THOSE WHO FAVOR GOVERNMENT BY A STRONG MAN. 47 00:03:05,920 --> 00:03:07,920 BATISTA DENIES HE IS A DICTATOR 48 00:03:08,022 --> 00:03:10,322 AND SAYS SOME OF HIS OPPONENTS ARE PRO-COMMUNIST, 49 00:03:10,424 --> 00:03:13,192 BUT HIS STRONG-ARM METHODS AND THE CONSTANT THREAT OF INFLATION 50 00:03:13,294 --> 00:03:15,894 HAVE KEPT POLITICAL OPPOSITION BUBBLING. 51 00:03:15,996 --> 00:03:17,563 Narrator: IT'S ESTIMATED BY HIS RIVALS 52 00:03:17,665 --> 00:03:19,598 THAT DURING BATISTA'S REIGN, 53 00:03:19,700 --> 00:03:22,701 MORE THAN 20,000 POLITICAL DISSIDENTS HAVE BEEN KILLED. 54 00:03:24,538 --> 00:03:27,639 THE MOUNTAINS OF EASTERN CUBA. 55 00:03:27,741 --> 00:03:29,708 AFTER YEARS OF FIGHTING, 56 00:03:29,810 --> 00:03:31,977 IT IS HERE THAT THE RAGING OF REVOLUTION 57 00:03:32,079 --> 00:03:35,214 THUNDERS THROUGH THE JUNGLE CANOPY. 58 00:03:35,316 --> 00:03:37,482 MEN AND WOMEN HAVE TAKEN UP ARMS 59 00:03:37,585 --> 00:03:40,485 AND LAUNCHED A BLOODY GUERILLA WAR. 60 00:03:42,590 --> 00:03:46,558 TO THEM, BATISTA HAS DESTROYED CUBA. 61 00:03:46,660 --> 00:03:49,561 THEIR GOAL IS TO OUST HIM FROM POWER. 62 00:03:49,663 --> 00:03:52,431 THEIR LEADER IS A CHARISMATIC CUBAN 63 00:03:52,533 --> 00:03:55,067 WHO SAYS HE WILL FIGHT TO THE DEATH 64 00:03:55,169 --> 00:03:57,336 TO LIBERATE THE PEOPLE OF CUBA. 65 00:03:57,438 --> 00:04:00,339 HIS NAME IS FIDEL CASTRO. 66 00:04:01,609 --> 00:04:04,943 Male reporter: THIS IS DR. FIDEL CASTRO, 31, 67 00:04:05,045 --> 00:04:07,279 HOLDER OF 4 UNIVERSITY DEGREES. 68 00:04:08,849 --> 00:04:12,251 WE FINALLY GET OUR NEWS CAMERAS INTO CASTRO'S HEADQUARTERS. 69 00:04:14,321 --> 00:04:16,755 Narrator: CASTRO'S TOP LIEUTENANTS 70 00:04:16,857 --> 00:04:18,924 ARE ARGENTINEAN-BORN CHE GUEVARA... 71 00:04:19,026 --> 00:04:21,727 [SPEAKING SPANISH] 72 00:04:21,829 --> 00:04:22,828 Narrator: WHO PARTICIPATED 73 00:04:22,930 --> 00:04:25,063 IN AN UNSUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION IN GUATEMALA... 74 00:04:27,001 --> 00:04:31,370 AND HIS BROTHER RAUL CASTRO, AN AVOWED COMMUNIST. 75 00:04:31,472 --> 00:04:33,538 [SPEAKING SPANISH] 76 00:04:33,641 --> 00:04:37,409 Narrator: FIDEL CASTRO IS THE SON OF A CUBAN SUGAR FARMER 77 00:04:37,511 --> 00:04:41,380 AND COMES FROM AN UPPER MIDDLE CLASS BACKGROUND. 78 00:04:41,482 --> 00:04:43,548 HE IS ONE OF SEVEN CHILDREN. 79 00:04:43,651 --> 00:04:47,319 EVEN AT A YOUNG AGE, CASTRO IS BRASH, 80 00:04:47,421 --> 00:04:50,522 OUTSPOKEN, AND WILLING TO TAKE RISKS. 81 00:04:50,624 --> 00:04:53,959 CASTRO ATTENDS A JESUIT BOARDING SCHOOL 82 00:04:54,061 --> 00:04:57,696 AND EARNS A LAW DEGREE FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF HAVANA. 83 00:04:57,798 --> 00:05:01,867 HE BECOMES EMBOLDENED BY NATIONALISTIC PHILOSOPHIES. 84 00:05:08,809 --> 00:05:12,778 IN 1952, CASTRO RUNS FOR CONGRESS TO HELP IMPROVE CUBA, 85 00:05:12,880 --> 00:05:14,946 BUT BEFORE ELECTIONS ARE HELD, 86 00:05:15,049 --> 00:05:18,817 BATISTA TAKES POWER IN A MILITARY COUP. 87 00:05:18,919 --> 00:05:20,152 IN RESPONSE, 88 00:05:20,254 --> 00:05:25,090 CASTRO GATHERS A GROUP OF ANTI-BASTISTA REVOLUTIONARIES. 89 00:05:25,192 --> 00:05:28,560 THEY PLAN AN ATTACK ON THE MILITARY BARRACKS IN MONCADA. 90 00:05:30,331 --> 00:05:32,464 CASTRO BELIEVES BY TAKING THE BARRACKS, 91 00:05:32,566 --> 00:05:34,800 THEY WILL ACQUIRE ENOUGH WEAPONS 92 00:05:34,902 --> 00:05:37,469 TO BEGIN AN UPRISING AGAINST BATISTA. 93 00:05:41,241 --> 00:05:45,877 THE RAID TAKES PLACE AT DAWN ON JULY 26, 1953. 94 00:05:48,349 --> 00:05:51,783 CASTRO WILL USE THIS DATE, JULY 26, 95 00:05:51,885 --> 00:05:54,920 AS THE MONIKER FOR HIS FUTURE REVOLUTION. 96 00:05:55,022 --> 00:05:57,422 THE ATTACK IS QUICKLY PUT DOWN. 97 00:05:59,193 --> 00:06:01,059 MANY OF THE REBELS ARE KILLED. 98 00:06:03,397 --> 00:06:07,065 CASTRO AND DOZENS OF OTHERS ARE CAPTURED. 99 00:06:07,167 --> 00:06:09,468 AT HIS TRIAL, CASTRO UTTERS A PHRASE 100 00:06:09,570 --> 00:06:12,371 THAT WILL COME TO DEFINE HIM-- 101 00:06:12,473 --> 00:06:14,973 "HISTORY WILL ABSOLVE ME." 102 00:06:18,212 --> 00:06:21,380 CASTRO IS SENTENCED TO 15 YEARS IN PRISON. 103 00:06:21,482 --> 00:06:25,917 TWO YEARS LATER, BATISTA BUCKLES TO INTERNATIONAL PRESSURE 104 00:06:26,019 --> 00:06:30,455 AND RELEASES POLITICAL PRISONERS, INCLUDING CASTRO 105 00:06:30,557 --> 00:06:34,826 AND THE OTHERS WHO ATTACKED THE MONCADA BARRACKS. 106 00:06:34,928 --> 00:06:39,598 IN 1958, THEY GATHER AGAIN IN THE SIERRA MAESTRA MOUNTAINS 107 00:06:39,700 --> 00:06:42,334 TO FIGHT BATISTA'S SOLDIERS. 108 00:07:27,481 --> 00:07:29,414 SO WHAT DO YOU SEEK TO ACCOMPLISH 109 00:07:29,516 --> 00:07:30,849 IN COMING HERE, AND WHAT DO YOU FEEL 110 00:07:30,951 --> 00:07:32,317 THAT YOU ARE ACCOMPLISHING 111 00:07:32,419 --> 00:07:34,953 BY BEING HERE IN THESE REMOTE MOUNTAINS? 112 00:07:54,107 --> 00:07:57,008 Narrator: CASTRO'S LEADERSHIP IS PRECISE. 113 00:07:57,110 --> 00:08:01,513 HE STATIONS SCOUTS THROUGHOUT THE MOUNTAINS. 114 00:08:01,615 --> 00:08:05,917 THE REBELS ALWAYS KNOW WHERE BATISTA'S SOLDIERS ARE, 115 00:08:06,019 --> 00:08:10,388 AND THE SOLDIERS HAVE NO IDEA WHERE CASTRO IS HIDING. 116 00:08:36,250 --> 00:08:38,850 [EXPLOSIONS AND GUNFIRE] 117 00:08:38,952 --> 00:08:40,352 Narrator: UP UNTIL THIS POINT, 118 00:08:40,454 --> 00:08:44,055 THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT HAS SUPPORTED THE BATISTA REGIME, 119 00:08:44,157 --> 00:08:46,258 BUT WITH WORLD ATTENTION NOW FOCUSED 120 00:08:46,360 --> 00:08:49,694 ON BATISTA'S STRONG-ARMED RULE, 121 00:08:49,796 --> 00:08:52,864 THE UNITED STATES WITHDRAWS ITS SUPPORT. 122 00:08:52,966 --> 00:08:57,969 IT WILL NOT BACK BATISTA OR CASTRO'S REVOLUTIONARIES. 123 00:08:58,071 --> 00:08:59,938 Male reporter: THE UNITED STATES HAS EMBARGOED ARMS 124 00:09:00,040 --> 00:09:01,206 FOR BOTH SIDES. 125 00:09:01,308 --> 00:09:02,941 OCCASIONAL SHIPMENTS ARE SMUGGLED THROUGH 126 00:09:03,043 --> 00:09:04,709 FROM REBEL SYMPATHIZERS. 127 00:09:04,811 --> 00:09:06,811 IT IS AN UNEQUAL BATTLE OF IDEALISTS 128 00:09:06,914 --> 00:09:08,146 AGAINST TOUGH, PROFESSIONAL FORCES. 129 00:09:08,248 --> 00:09:10,949 SAYS CASTRO, "IF I LOSE, I'LL START OVER AGAIN. 130 00:09:11,051 --> 00:09:13,585 IF BATISTA LOSES, HE LOSES FOR GOOD." 131 00:09:13,687 --> 00:09:15,854 CUBA'S STRONGMAN SEEMS UNTROUBLED 132 00:09:15,956 --> 00:09:18,023 BY CASTRO'S MOUNTING OFFENSIVE. 133 00:09:18,125 --> 00:09:20,458 BEHIND BATISTA STAND THE ARMY, THE POLICE, 134 00:09:20,561 --> 00:09:22,193 AND, APPARENTLY, CUBA'S LABOR UNIONS. 135 00:09:22,296 --> 00:09:25,163 BATISTA SEEMED UPSET ABOUT REPORTS IN THE AMERICAN PRESS 136 00:09:25,265 --> 00:09:27,365 OF POLICE BRUTALITY AND CORRUPTION 137 00:09:27,467 --> 00:09:30,702 BUT CONFIDENT IN THE FACE OF AN UNPREDICTABLE FUTURE. 138 00:09:36,009 --> 00:09:38,109 Narrator: AFTER MONTHS OF FIGHTING, 139 00:09:38,211 --> 00:09:41,046 REVOLUTIONARY FORCES WAGE A BATTLE FOR THREE DAYS 140 00:09:41,148 --> 00:09:45,016 BEFORE MAKING A MOVE INTO HAVANA. 141 00:09:45,118 --> 00:09:47,686 THE FINAL HOLDOUTS OF BATISTA'S SOLDIERS 142 00:09:47,788 --> 00:09:49,654 ARE DRIVEN FROM THE CITY. 143 00:09:49,756 --> 00:09:53,325 CASTRO'S RAGGED BAND OF REVOLUTIONARIES, 144 00:09:53,427 --> 00:09:56,895 EXHAUSTED FROM THREE YEARS OF NONSTOP FIGHTING, 145 00:09:56,997 --> 00:09:58,763 STORM THE CAPITAL. 146 00:09:58,865 --> 00:10:01,933 THEIR STRUGGLE TO REMOVE BATISTA FROM POWER 147 00:10:02,035 --> 00:10:05,036 IS ABOUT TO COME TO AN END. 148 00:10:06,974 --> 00:10:09,240 Herbert Kaplow: NEW YEAR'S EVE IN HAVANA. 149 00:10:09,343 --> 00:10:11,109 FIGHTING WAS REPORTED IN LOS VILLAS PROVINCE 150 00:10:11,211 --> 00:10:13,712 BETWEEN THE SOLDIERS OF FULGENCIO BATISTA 151 00:10:13,814 --> 00:10:15,780 AND REBEL UNITS. 152 00:10:15,882 --> 00:10:19,084 A FEW HOURS LATER, 4 A.M. HAVANA TIME NEW YEAR'S MORNING, 153 00:10:19,186 --> 00:10:23,321 A PHONE CALL AND THE REPORT FULGENCIO BATISTA 154 00:10:23,423 --> 00:10:25,857 AND HIS COTERIE HAD FLED IN SURRENDER. 155 00:10:28,962 --> 00:10:29,995 Male reporter: FROM HIS STRONGHOLD 156 00:10:30,097 --> 00:10:31,696 IN THE WILD SIERRA MAESTRA MOUNTAINS, 157 00:10:31,798 --> 00:10:34,566 CUBA'S FIDEL CASTRO EMERGED TRIUMPHANT AFTER TWO YEARS 158 00:10:34,668 --> 00:10:37,736 OF GUERILLA WARFARE AGAINST THE BATISTA REGIME. 159 00:10:37,838 --> 00:10:40,171 A REVOLUTION THAT BEGAN WITH CASTRO A FUGITIVE, 160 00:10:40,273 --> 00:10:42,574 PRACTICALLY ALONE, LANDING WITH 82 FOLLOWERS, 161 00:10:42,676 --> 00:10:45,276 AND NEARLY WIPED OUT BY GOVERNMENT FORCES 162 00:10:45,379 --> 00:10:48,346 ENDED WITH THE FLIGHT OF DICTATOR FULGENCIO BATISTA 163 00:10:48,448 --> 00:10:50,882 AND THE ENTRY INTO HAVANA OF REBEL FORCES 164 00:10:50,984 --> 00:10:52,784 TO BE ACCLAIMED BY THE CITY. 165 00:10:52,886 --> 00:10:56,454 IN HIS LIFETIME, THE BEARDED, CIGAR-SMOKING IDEALIST 166 00:10:56,556 --> 00:10:58,089 HAS BECOME A LEGEND. 167 00:10:58,191 --> 00:11:00,291 FOR MOST CUBANS, THIS IS THE FIRST GLIMPSE OF THE MAN 168 00:11:00,394 --> 00:11:01,793 WHOSE NAME BECAME A BYWORD 169 00:11:01,895 --> 00:11:04,162 DURING 25 MONTHS OF GUERILLA FIGHTING. 170 00:11:05,966 --> 00:11:08,867 IT'S A SIMPLE MATTER TO KNOW WHEN A REVOLUTION HAS BEGUN. 171 00:11:08,969 --> 00:11:12,604 IT'S NOT SO EASY TO KNOW WHEN A REVOLUTION HAS ENDED. 172 00:11:12,706 --> 00:11:17,575 THIS HAS BEEN, AND IS, THE REVOLUTION OF FIDEL CASTRO. 173 00:11:17,678 --> 00:11:19,611 Narrator: THE CUBAN PEOPLE ADMIRE CASTRO 174 00:11:19,713 --> 00:11:24,315 BECAUSE HIS RISE TO POWER IS NOT FROM A MILITARY COUP D'ETAT, 175 00:11:24,418 --> 00:11:27,419 BUT A POPULAR REVOLUTION. 176 00:11:27,521 --> 00:11:29,454 CASTRO IS A DYNAMIC SPEAKER. 177 00:11:29,556 --> 00:11:32,490 HE'S PERSUASIVE AND FILLED WITH FIRE. 178 00:11:32,592 --> 00:11:35,927 Male reporter: HE'S ABUNDANTLY ENDOWED WITH THE HIGH CONFIDENCE 179 00:11:36,029 --> 00:11:40,098 AND THE HUMILITY OF A BIBLICAL PROPHET. 180 00:11:40,200 --> 00:11:43,301 Male reporter: FIDEL CASTRO WITH THE DOVES OF PEACE 181 00:11:43,403 --> 00:11:46,638 SITTING ON HIS SHOULDERS AS HE SURVEYS THE CROWD 182 00:11:46,740 --> 00:11:51,076 THAT IS TONIGHT CELEBRATING CUBA LIBRE. 183 00:11:51,178 --> 00:11:52,944 Announcer: FIDEL CASTRO, 184 00:11:53,046 --> 00:11:55,046 "FACE THE NATION." 185 00:11:55,148 --> 00:11:57,215 IN THE EARLY HOURS OF YESTERDAY MORNING, 186 00:11:57,317 --> 00:11:58,750 THIS WAS THE SCENE IN THE STUDIO 187 00:11:58,852 --> 00:12:01,720 OF TELEVISION STATION CMQ IN HAVANA, CUBA. 188 00:12:01,822 --> 00:12:06,357 Novins: DR. CASTRO, COULD YOU TELL US WHAT YOUR OPINION IS 189 00:12:06,460 --> 00:12:09,994 OF UNITED STATES POLICY DURING THIS PERIOD OF YOUR REVOLUTION? 190 00:12:12,566 --> 00:12:14,099 Novins: THAT'S ALL WE WANT. 191 00:12:14,201 --> 00:12:16,434 [LAUGHTER] 192 00:12:30,550 --> 00:12:32,951 Narrator: DESPITE HIS CRITICISM, 193 00:12:33,053 --> 00:12:36,321 CASTRO WANTS TO MAINTAIN GOOD RELATIONS WITH THE U.S., 194 00:12:36,423 --> 00:12:38,389 BUT THAT DOES NOT STOP HIM 195 00:12:38,492 --> 00:12:41,426 FROM ENACTING BRUTAL REPRISALS AT HOME. 196 00:12:44,197 --> 00:12:47,232 IN THE MONTHS FOLLOWING CASTRO'S RISE TO POWER, 197 00:12:47,334 --> 00:12:50,902 HUNDREDS OF BATISTA'S LOYALISTS ARE PUT ON TRIAL, 198 00:12:51,004 --> 00:12:54,606 SOMETIMES IN HAVANA'S SPORTS PALACE. 199 00:12:54,708 --> 00:12:57,475 Male reporter: BATISTA AIDE MAJOR SOSA BLANCO, 200 00:12:57,577 --> 00:13:00,645 CHARGED WITH 200 MURDERS, FACES A MILITARY TRIBUNAL, 201 00:13:00,747 --> 00:13:02,280 THREE JUDGES STILL WEARING 202 00:13:02,382 --> 00:13:04,516 THE REVOLUTIONARY'S JUNGLE BATTLE DRESS. 203 00:13:04,618 --> 00:13:08,453 SAYS BLANCO OF THE CROWD, "I AM IN A ROMAN COLISEUM." 204 00:13:08,555 --> 00:13:09,988 45 WITNESSES COME FORWARD 205 00:13:10,090 --> 00:13:12,590 TO TELL OF ACTS OF BRUTALITY AND MURDER. 206 00:13:12,692 --> 00:13:16,327 MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN TESTIFY. 207 00:13:16,429 --> 00:13:19,164 THE DECISION IS DEATH. 208 00:13:20,567 --> 00:13:24,169 Narrator: NEARLY 500 OF THEM ARE FOUND GUILTY. 209 00:13:24,271 --> 00:13:27,739 THEY ARE EXECUTED BY FIRING SQUAD. 210 00:13:27,841 --> 00:13:29,274 [GUNSHOTS] 211 00:13:31,344 --> 00:13:35,246 SHORTLY AFTER THE EXECUTIONS, NEARLY A MILLION CUBANS SHOW UP 212 00:13:35,348 --> 00:13:38,950 FOR A SPEECH BY CASTRO TO DEFEND THE KILLINGS, 213 00:13:39,052 --> 00:13:41,886 SAYING NO NATION STOOD UP FOR HIS COUNTRY'S PEOPLE 214 00:13:41,988 --> 00:13:44,522 DURING THE ATROCITIES COMMITTED BY BATISTA. 215 00:14:05,378 --> 00:14:08,580 Narrator: IN AN EFFORT TO SWAY PUBLIC OPINION, 216 00:14:08,682 --> 00:14:13,084 CASTRO BEGINS A TOUR OF NATIONS IN SOUTH AND NORTH AMERICA 217 00:14:13,186 --> 00:14:14,853 STARTING IN APRIL 1959. 218 00:14:18,525 --> 00:14:20,825 HUGE CROWDS SHOW UP TO SEE CASTRO, 219 00:14:20,927 --> 00:14:23,761 WHO IS NOW A SYMBOL OF REVOLUTION. 220 00:14:23,864 --> 00:14:26,865 HIS REPUTATION SOARS AS A POPULIST LEADER. 221 00:14:31,471 --> 00:14:33,504 FIDEL CASTRO ACCEPTS AN INVITATION 222 00:14:33,607 --> 00:14:36,341 FROM THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEWSPAPER EDITORS 223 00:14:36,443 --> 00:14:38,843 AND VISITS THE UNITED STATES, 224 00:14:38,945 --> 00:14:42,881 EVEN THOUGH BATISTA LOYALISTS IN AMERICA WANT HIM DEAD. 225 00:14:47,554 --> 00:14:50,488 Announcer: A TUMULTUOUS WELCOME FOR FIDEL CASTRO. 226 00:14:50,590 --> 00:14:52,957 CHEERING, SINGING, FLAG-WAVING CROWD OF THOUSAND 227 00:14:53,059 --> 00:14:55,627 GREETS THE CUBAN REVOLUTIONARY LEADER AND PREMIER 228 00:14:55,729 --> 00:14:58,630 AS ON ARRIVAL, HE PUSHES PAST POLICE AND SECURITY GUARDS 229 00:14:58,732 --> 00:15:00,598 TO RETURN THE ENTHUSIASTIC GREETING, 230 00:15:00,700 --> 00:15:04,235 DESPITE RUMORS OF ASSASSINATION PLOTS AGAINST HIM. 231 00:15:04,337 --> 00:15:06,471 Narrator: CASTRO IS HUGELY POPULAR 232 00:15:06,573 --> 00:15:08,640 WITH THE AMERICAN PUBLIC. 233 00:15:08,742 --> 00:15:11,075 ALONG WITH HIS IMMENSE CHARISMA, 234 00:15:11,177 --> 00:15:14,712 HE IS SEEN AS AN ISLAND VERSION OF ROBIN HOOD 235 00:15:14,814 --> 00:15:18,016 WHO HAS BROUGHT FREEDOM TO AN OPPRESSED PEOPLE. 236 00:15:18,118 --> 00:15:22,053 DESPITE CASTRO'S POPULARITY WITH THE AMERICAN PUBLIC, 237 00:15:22,155 --> 00:15:23,988 THE GOVERNMENT IS WARY 238 00:15:24,090 --> 00:15:27,325 OF THE CUBAN REVOLUTIONARY'S COMMUNIST LEANINGS. 239 00:15:27,427 --> 00:15:29,827 Announcer: OUTSIDE PENN STATION, POLICE BREAK UP A DEMONSTRATION 240 00:15:29,930 --> 00:15:33,398 BY A FEW SUPPORTERS OF CUBA'S OUSTED DICTATOR BATISTA, 241 00:15:33,500 --> 00:15:36,901 AND CASTRO, IN A RECORD SLOW TIME OF 24 MINUTES, 242 00:15:37,003 --> 00:15:38,836 CROSSES THE STREET TO HIS HOTEL 243 00:15:38,939 --> 00:15:41,673 ALMOST SWAMPED BY THE EXCITED CROWD. 244 00:15:41,775 --> 00:15:44,242 IT'S ONE OF NEW YORK'S MOST ENTHUSIASTIC RECEPTIONS 245 00:15:44,344 --> 00:15:46,878 FOR A VISITING NOTABLE IN QUITE A WHILE. 246 00:15:55,722 --> 00:15:57,388 Narrator: THOUGH CASTRO CONDEMNS THE U.S. 247 00:15:57,490 --> 00:16:00,458 FOR SUPPLYING ARMS TO THE BATISTA GOVERNMENT, 248 00:16:00,560 --> 00:16:02,927 HE ATTEMPTS TO MAKE PEACE WITH AMERICA. 249 00:16:35,762 --> 00:16:40,465 Lawrence: OUR GUEST LIKES RIFLES AND CIGARS. 250 00:16:40,567 --> 00:16:44,769 AS A VERY YOUNG BOY, HE TOOK UP A TYPICAL CUBAN SPORT-- 251 00:16:44,871 --> 00:16:48,373 THE BREEDING OF FIGHTING COCKS. 252 00:16:48,475 --> 00:16:52,143 IT IS MY PLEASURE TO PRESENT YOU DR. FIDEL CASTRO. 253 00:16:52,245 --> 00:16:54,212 [APPLAUSE] 254 00:16:54,314 --> 00:16:57,448 YOU HAVE SAID, SIR, THAT DICTATORSHIP IS IMPOSSIBLE 255 00:16:57,550 --> 00:17:00,818 IF PUBLIC OPINION APPROVES. 256 00:17:00,920 --> 00:17:05,957 DID NOT HITLER, MUSSOLINI, AND PERON HAVE PUBLIC SUPPORT? 257 00:17:17,103 --> 00:17:18,603 Lawrence: MR. PRIME MINISTER, 258 00:17:18,705 --> 00:17:21,072 WHAT IS YOUR IMPRESSION OF VICE PRESIDENT NIXON? 259 00:17:21,174 --> 00:17:24,108 [LAUGHTER] 260 00:17:29,315 --> 00:17:32,383 Narrator: NIXON HAS A DIFFERENT OPINION. 261 00:17:32,485 --> 00:17:34,485 WHILE IN WASHINGTON, U.S. PRESIDENT 262 00:17:34,587 --> 00:17:38,556 DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER AVOIDS MEETING WITH CASTRO. 263 00:17:38,658 --> 00:17:41,192 INSTEAD, HE SENDS VICE PRESIDENT NIXON 264 00:17:41,294 --> 00:17:42,894 TO MEET WITH THE CUBAN LEADER. 265 00:17:42,996 --> 00:17:44,929 NIXON'S OPINION OF CASTRO? 266 00:17:45,031 --> 00:17:48,733 "HE NEEDS TO BE WATCHED CAREFULLY." 267 00:17:48,835 --> 00:17:50,935 Male reporter: YOU WON A REVOLUTION BEFORE, SIR, 268 00:17:51,037 --> 00:17:52,570 AGAINST GREAT ODDS. 269 00:17:52,672 --> 00:17:55,873 NOW YOU'RE FIGHTING WHAT MIGHT BE CALLED A SOCIAL REVOLUTION. 270 00:17:55,975 --> 00:17:57,508 WILL THIS BE MORE DIFFICULT? 271 00:18:17,831 --> 00:18:19,897 Narrator: BECAUSE THE BATISTA GOVERNMENT 272 00:18:19,999 --> 00:18:22,300 HAD LOOTED CUBA'S TREASURY, 273 00:18:22,402 --> 00:18:24,001 THE LEADERS OF THE REVOLUTION DISCOVER 274 00:18:24,104 --> 00:18:26,904 THEY DON'T HAVE ENOUGH MONEY TO RUN THE GOVERNMENT. 275 00:18:27,006 --> 00:18:30,441 THOUGH THE U.S. PUBLIC HAS EMBRACED CASTRO, 276 00:18:30,543 --> 00:18:33,010 THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT DOESN'T TRUST HIM, 277 00:18:33,113 --> 00:18:35,646 FEARING HE IS A COMMUNIST, 278 00:18:35,748 --> 00:18:37,748 AND THOUGH HE INITIALLY HAD SAID HIS COUNTRY 279 00:18:37,851 --> 00:18:39,984 DID NOT NEED HELP FROM THE UNITED STATES, 280 00:18:40,086 --> 00:18:42,987 CASTRO REALIZES CUBA CANNOT SURVIVE 281 00:18:43,089 --> 00:18:45,723 IN ITS CURRENT CONDITION, 282 00:18:45,825 --> 00:18:50,161 BUT THE U.S. REFUSES TO GIVE CUBA ANY ADDITIONAL AID. 283 00:18:50,263 --> 00:18:53,931 INSTEAD, CASTRO TURNS TO THE SOVIET UNION FOR HELP, 284 00:18:54,033 --> 00:18:56,367 FURTHER STOKING THE FIRES OF THE COLD WAR 285 00:18:56,469 --> 00:18:58,970 BETWEEN THE SOVIETS AND THE UNITED STATES. 286 00:19:01,207 --> 00:19:04,242 Male reporter: IN JANUARY 1960, THE SOVIET DEPUTY PREMIER 287 00:19:04,344 --> 00:19:07,078 ANASTAS MIKOYAN CAME TO HAVANA. 288 00:19:07,180 --> 00:19:09,180 THE STAGE HAD BEEN SET FOR HIM. 289 00:19:09,282 --> 00:19:11,582 MIKOYAN OPENED A RUSSIAN TRADE FAIR. 290 00:19:11,684 --> 00:19:13,951 HE DISCUSSED DEALS WITH CUBA. 291 00:19:14,053 --> 00:19:16,454 BY THE TIME HE HAD PUT THIS HAT ON HIS HEAD, 292 00:19:16,556 --> 00:19:19,323 HE HAD THE CUBAN ECONOMY IN HIS POCKET. 293 00:19:19,425 --> 00:19:20,958 IN MOSCOW, AN AGREEMENT WAS SIGNED 294 00:19:21,060 --> 00:19:23,394 FOR THE EXCHANGE FOR SOVIET MACHINERY AND TECHNICIANS 295 00:19:23,496 --> 00:19:26,664 FOR CUBA'S SUGAR AND OTHER BIG-MONEY CROPS. 296 00:19:26,766 --> 00:19:28,933 Narrator: U.S. PRESIDENT EISENHOWER 297 00:19:29,035 --> 00:19:32,436 THREATENS TO CUT CUBAN SUGAR QUOTAS TO THE UNITED STATES. 298 00:19:33,540 --> 00:19:35,306 A THIRD OF THAT SUGAR 299 00:19:35,408 --> 00:19:38,342 IS PRODUCED BY AMERICAN-CONTROLLED COMPANIES. 300 00:19:38,444 --> 00:19:40,945 THE SOVIET UNION AGREES TO PURCHASE 301 00:19:41,047 --> 00:19:44,649 ONE MILLION TONS OF CUBAN SUGAR ANNUALLY. 302 00:19:44,751 --> 00:19:46,250 Male reporter: FIDEL CASTRO, 303 00:19:46,352 --> 00:19:48,319 IN A BITTER, ANTI-AMERICAN SPEECH LAST NIGHT, 304 00:19:48,421 --> 00:19:51,722 WARNED AGAINST THE UNITED STATES CUTTING CUBAN SUGAR QUOTAS, 305 00:19:51,824 --> 00:19:55,226 THREATENING TO TAKE OVER AMERICAN-OWNED SUGAR MILLS, 306 00:19:55,328 --> 00:19:58,095 BUT THE RULES COMMITTEE OF THE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 307 00:19:58,198 --> 00:20:01,499 TODAY CLEARED FOR FLOOR ACTION A BILL TO GIVE THE PRESIDENT 308 00:20:01,601 --> 00:20:03,834 THE AUTHORITY HE WANTS TO REDUCE THE MARKETING 309 00:20:03,937 --> 00:20:06,404 OF CUBAN SUGAR IN THIS COUNTRY. 310 00:20:06,506 --> 00:20:09,440 Narrator: AFTER A MONTHS-LONG POWER STRUGGLE, 311 00:20:09,542 --> 00:20:13,978 EISENHOWER BANS ALL SUGAR IMPORTS FROM CUBA. 312 00:20:14,080 --> 00:20:19,350 IN RESPONSE, CASTRO SEIZES ALL U.S. COMPANIES IN HIS COUNTRY. 313 00:21:20,113 --> 00:21:21,779 Tom St. John Barry: SUGAR BY THE TRAINLOAD, 314 00:21:21,881 --> 00:21:25,883 THE MAIN CROP AND THE MAIN BONE OF CONTENTION WITH THE USA. 315 00:21:25,985 --> 00:21:27,585 MANY COMMUNIST BLOC COUNTRIES HAVE PROMISED 316 00:21:27,687 --> 00:21:31,989 TO TAKE CUBAN SUGAR IN EXCHANGE FOR THE THINGS CASTRO NEEDS. 317 00:21:32,091 --> 00:21:33,591 IT LOOKED EASY. 318 00:21:33,693 --> 00:21:36,694 SO I THOUGHT I'D CUT A CANE OR TWO FOR CASTRO MYSELF. 319 00:21:38,064 --> 00:21:41,532 YOU HOLD THAT JUST LIKE THAT, JUST THERE. 320 00:21:41,634 --> 00:21:43,834 LET ME HAVE A SWING AT THIS. 321 00:21:43,936 --> 00:21:45,102 CUT IT THAT WAY? 322 00:21:45,204 --> 00:21:48,039 YES, THAT WAY. 323 00:21:48,141 --> 00:21:50,508 OOH, MADE IT IN ONE. 324 00:21:50,610 --> 00:21:53,311 CAN I HAVE THAT FOR A MOMENT? 325 00:21:53,413 --> 00:21:56,247 YOU KNOW, THIS COULD COST ME MY AMERICAN VISA. 326 00:21:57,317 --> 00:21:59,583 [BELL RINGING] 327 00:21:59,686 --> 00:22:02,987 Narrator: AFTER MONTHS OF CASTRO SEIZING AMERICAN BUSINESSES, 328 00:22:03,089 --> 00:22:07,625 THE UNITED STATES ENACTS A TRADE EMBARGO AGAINST CUBA. 329 00:22:07,727 --> 00:22:11,028 THAT EMBARGO STILL EXISTS TODAY. 330 00:22:11,130 --> 00:22:13,631 THERE'S A LIMIT TO WHAT THE UNITED STATES 331 00:22:13,733 --> 00:22:16,434 IN SELF-RESPECT CAN ENDURE. 332 00:22:16,536 --> 00:22:18,903 THAT LIMIT HAS NOW BEEN REACHED. 333 00:22:20,173 --> 00:22:22,773 OUR SYMPATHY GOES OUT TO THE PEOPLE OF CUBA 334 00:22:22,875 --> 00:22:26,243 NOW SUFFERING UNDER THE YOLK OF A DICTATOR. 335 00:22:26,346 --> 00:22:28,212 Narrator: SECRETLY, THE UNITED STATES 336 00:22:28,314 --> 00:22:32,016 LOOKS FOR A WAY TO REMOVE CASTRO FROM POWER, 337 00:22:32,118 --> 00:22:36,854 BUT THE U.S. DOES NOT WANT ITS OWN TROOPS INVADING CUBA. 338 00:22:36,956 --> 00:22:39,123 INSTEAD, PRESIDENT JOHN KENNEDY 339 00:22:39,225 --> 00:22:44,161 AGREES TO HAVE U.S. MILITARY ADVISORS TRAIN CUBAN EXILES, 340 00:22:44,263 --> 00:22:47,932 THEIR GOAL-- TO INVADE CUBA AT A SMALL COVE 341 00:22:48,034 --> 00:22:53,070 ON THE ISLAND'S SOUTH SIDE CALLED THE BAY OF PIGS 342 00:22:53,172 --> 00:22:56,774 AND REMOVE CASTRO FROM POWER. 343 00:22:56,876 --> 00:23:00,211 Announcer: THIS IS AN NBC SPECIAL NEWS REPORT. 344 00:23:00,313 --> 00:23:02,813 CUBA TONIGHT IS AN ISLAND IN REVOLT. 345 00:23:02,915 --> 00:23:06,417 AGAINST THE REVOLUTIONARY FORCES OF PRIME MINISTER FIDEL CASTRO, 346 00:23:06,519 --> 00:23:09,353 ANOTHER REVOLT HAS BEGUN, AND CASTRO'S STRANGE 347 00:23:09,455 --> 00:23:12,323 AND WILD CAREER MAY BE APPROACHING AN END. 348 00:23:12,425 --> 00:23:16,127 IT IS ADVISABLE TO SAY "MAY BE" BECAUSE EVERYTHING WILL DEPEND 349 00:23:16,229 --> 00:23:18,496 ON WHETHER THE PEOPLE OF CUBA AND THE ARMY 350 00:23:18,598 --> 00:23:20,698 ARE LOYAL TO CASTRO. 351 00:23:20,800 --> 00:23:23,434 Male reporter: DAWN, MONDAY, APRIL 17, 352 00:23:23,536 --> 00:23:25,770 BAY OF PIGS, CUBA. 353 00:23:25,872 --> 00:23:27,338 THE FIRST UNITS OF THE BRIGADE 354 00:23:27,440 --> 00:23:29,206 REACH THE BEACH WITHOUT OPPOSITION. 355 00:23:29,308 --> 00:23:32,443 AMONG THEM IS HUMBERTO DIAZ ARGUILLES 356 00:23:32,545 --> 00:23:34,478 OF THE SECOND BATTALION, 8th COMPANY. 357 00:23:34,580 --> 00:23:38,015 Arguilles: A SOLDIER FROM THE REAR YELLED, 358 00:23:38,117 --> 00:23:40,718 "WE ARE AN ARMY OF LIBERATION. 359 00:23:40,820 --> 00:23:44,188 WE CAME TO FIGHT COMMUNISM." 360 00:23:44,290 --> 00:23:46,824 THE MILITIAMAN ANSWERED, 361 00:23:46,926 --> 00:23:49,727 "FATHERLAND OR DEATH. LONG LIVE FIDEL CASTRO," 362 00:23:49,829 --> 00:23:51,262 AND THE SHOOTING BEGAN. 363 00:23:51,364 --> 00:23:52,663 Male reporter: THE ASSAULT HAS BEGUN 364 00:23:52,765 --> 00:23:54,265 ON THE DICTATORSHIP OF FIDEL CASTRO. 365 00:23:54,367 --> 00:23:57,268 LANDINGS WERE EFFECTED BY REBELS AT SEVERAL PLACES 366 00:23:57,370 --> 00:23:59,170 ON THE CUBAN COAST, AND THE REBELLION 367 00:23:59,272 --> 00:24:01,806 AGAINST THE RED-SKINNED DICTATOR WAS ON. 368 00:24:06,479 --> 00:24:08,345 Narrator: THE INVADING TROOPS RECEIVE NO SUPPORT 369 00:24:08,448 --> 00:24:11,348 FROM THE PEOPLE OF CUBA, DOOMING HOPES 370 00:24:11,451 --> 00:24:15,419 THAT THE EXILES CAN WIN THROUGH A POPULAR UPRISING. 371 00:24:23,496 --> 00:24:28,332 MORE THAN 1,400 CUBAN EXILE SOLDIERS INVADE THE ISLAND. 372 00:24:28,434 --> 00:24:32,570 DOZENS OF THEM ARE KILLED, AND THE REST ARE TAKEN PRISONER. 373 00:24:32,672 --> 00:24:34,705 Male reporter: AT 3:45 P.M., 374 00:24:34,807 --> 00:24:37,475 WEDNESDAY, APRIL 19, RESISTANCE ENDS. 375 00:24:37,577 --> 00:24:40,044 IN LESS THAN 72 HOURS, 376 00:24:40,146 --> 00:24:42,446 CASTRO HAS DESTROYED THE BRIGADE. 377 00:24:42,548 --> 00:24:45,416 THE AMERICAN-PLANNED, FINANCED, TRAINED, 378 00:24:45,518 --> 00:24:49,820 AND BACKED INVASION OF CUBA IS NOW A TOTAL FAILURE. 379 00:24:52,492 --> 00:24:54,291 Narrator: FOR MANY CUBANS, 380 00:24:54,393 --> 00:24:57,194 CASTRO'S REVOLUTION IS WRONG FROM THE START, 381 00:24:57,296 --> 00:24:59,830 BUT MOST ARE AFRAID TO SPEAK OUT, 382 00:24:59,932 --> 00:25:03,467 FEARING THEY WILL BE ARRESTED OR KILLED. 383 00:25:03,569 --> 00:25:04,568 GOOD EVENING. 384 00:25:04,670 --> 00:25:06,937 EACH WEEK, ALMOST 2,000 CUBANS 385 00:25:07,039 --> 00:25:09,273 FIND THEY HAVE HAD ENOUGH OF CASTRO. 386 00:25:09,375 --> 00:25:12,009 SO THEY GET OUT AND COME TO MIAMI, FLORIDA. 387 00:25:13,813 --> 00:25:16,280 THE CUBANS GENERALLY ADVOCATE A RETURN HOME 388 00:25:16,382 --> 00:25:18,883 BY MILITARY INVASION WITH AMERICAN HELP, 389 00:25:18,985 --> 00:25:21,585 BUT THERE IS NO EVIDENCE OF ANY PLAN TO TRY THAT AGAIN. 390 00:25:21,687 --> 00:25:25,422 SO WHILE THEY WAIT FOR SOMETHING TO HAPPEN, THEY JUST WAIT. 391 00:25:25,525 --> 00:25:28,192 Manola Reyes: THEY WANT TO STAY HERE TO HELP IN ANY MOMENT 392 00:25:28,294 --> 00:25:32,696 WITH A GUN, WITH A RIFLE TO FIGHT AGAINST FIDEL CASTRO. 393 00:25:32,798 --> 00:25:34,698 Narrator: AND IT'S THOSE REFUGEES 394 00:25:34,800 --> 00:25:39,136 THAT GIVE THE UNITED STATES NEWS THAT CASTRO HAS MADE A DEAL 395 00:25:39,238 --> 00:25:42,473 WITH PREMIER NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV OF THE SOVIET UNION. 396 00:25:43,643 --> 00:25:45,342 THE EXILES SAY THE SOVIETS 397 00:25:45,444 --> 00:25:48,078 ARE BRINGING MORE THAN ECONOMIC AID TO CUBA. 398 00:25:48,180 --> 00:25:51,715 THEY ARE BRINGING WEAPONS. 399 00:25:51,817 --> 00:25:53,450 Ken Brown: JUST A FEW MOMENTS AGO, 400 00:25:53,553 --> 00:25:55,386 WHITE HOUSE PRESS SECRETARY PIERRE SALINGER 401 00:25:55,488 --> 00:25:57,621 INDICATED THAT MR. KENNEDY'S REMARKS 402 00:25:57,723 --> 00:26:00,824 WILL CONCERN A MATTER OF THE HIGHEST NATIONAL URGENCY. 403 00:26:00,927 --> 00:26:02,793 WE DO KNOW ALSO THAT THE PRESIDENT 404 00:26:02,895 --> 00:26:04,562 HAS BEEN MEETING WITH HIGH OFFICIALS OF THE GOVERNMENT 405 00:26:04,664 --> 00:26:09,433 THROUGHOUT THIS DAY IN AN ATMOSPHERE OF NEAR CRISIS. 406 00:26:09,535 --> 00:26:10,701 OK. NOW WE'RE READY. 407 00:26:10,803 --> 00:26:13,203 HERE FROM HIS OFFICE IN THE WHITE HOUSE, 408 00:26:13,306 --> 00:26:15,806 THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 409 00:26:15,908 --> 00:26:18,342 Kennedy: THIS GOVERNMENT, AS PROMISED, 410 00:26:18,444 --> 00:26:22,146 HAS MAINTAINED THE CLOSEST SURVEILLANCE 411 00:26:22,248 --> 00:26:25,950 OF THE SOVIET MILITARY BUILD-UP ON THE ISLAND OF CUBA. 412 00:26:26,052 --> 00:26:29,453 WITHIN THE PAST WEEK, UNMISTAKABLE EVIDENCE 413 00:26:29,555 --> 00:26:31,555 HAS ESTABLISHED THE FACT THAT A SERIES 414 00:26:31,657 --> 00:26:34,792 OF OFFENSIVE MISSILE SITES IS NOW IN PREPARATION 415 00:26:34,894 --> 00:26:36,560 ON THAT IMPRISONED ISLAND. 416 00:26:36,662 --> 00:26:41,432 THE PURPOSE OF THESE BASES CAN BE NONE OTHER THAN TO PROVIDE 417 00:26:41,534 --> 00:26:45,469 A NUCLEAR STRIKE CAPABILITY AGAINST THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. 418 00:26:47,373 --> 00:26:51,875 I CALL UPON CHAIRMAN KHRUSHCHEV TO HALT AND ELIMINATE 419 00:26:51,978 --> 00:26:54,011 THIS CLANDESTINE, RECKLESS, 420 00:26:54,113 --> 00:26:56,080 AND PROVOCATIVE THREAT TO WORLD PEACE. 421 00:26:56,182 --> 00:26:58,148 Narrator: IN RESPONSE, THE UNITED STATES 422 00:26:58,250 --> 00:27:01,352 BEGINS A NAVAL BLOCKADE OF THE ISLAND 423 00:27:01,454 --> 00:27:05,389 STOPPING AND SEARCHING ALL SHIPS BOUND FOR CUBA. 424 00:27:06,993 --> 00:27:08,325 Richard Valeriani: HAVANA RADIO SAID TONIGHT 425 00:27:08,427 --> 00:27:09,827 THAT CUBA'S ARMED FORCES HAVE BEEN PUT 426 00:27:09,929 --> 00:27:11,862 ON AN IMMEDIATE 24-HOUR ALERT 427 00:27:11,964 --> 00:27:13,964 FOLLOWING PRESIDENT KENNEDY'S SPEECH. 428 00:27:14,066 --> 00:27:16,166 THIS IS HIS FIRST PUBLIC REACTION 429 00:27:16,268 --> 00:27:20,304 TO THE AMERICAN ARMS BLOCKADE, AND CASTRO IS BITTERLY ANGRY. 430 00:27:20,406 --> 00:27:22,506 HE SAID THE UNITED STATES UNDERTOOK THE BLOCKADE 431 00:27:22,608 --> 00:27:24,241 BECAUSE ALL ITS OTHER EFFORTS 432 00:27:24,343 --> 00:27:26,677 TO DESTROY THE CUBAN REVOLUTION HAVE FAILED. 433 00:27:26,779 --> 00:27:27,845 [CASTRO SPEAKING SPANISH] 434 00:27:38,658 --> 00:27:40,090 [APPLAUSE] 435 00:28:00,413 --> 00:28:05,182 THE HOPES OF MANKIND ARE CONCENTRATED IN THIS ROOM. 436 00:28:05,284 --> 00:28:09,753 THE ACTION WE TAKE MAY DETERMINE THE FUTURE OF CIVILIZATION. 437 00:28:09,855 --> 00:28:12,723 Robert McNamara: I HAVE TAKEN THE NECESSARY STEPS 438 00:28:12,825 --> 00:28:15,125 TO DEPLOY OUR FORCES TO BE IN A POSITION 439 00:28:15,227 --> 00:28:17,895 TO MAKE EFFECTIVE THE QUARANTINE 440 00:28:17,997 --> 00:28:22,232 AT 2 P.M. TOMORROW GREENWICH TIME. 441 00:29:13,753 --> 00:29:15,652 Narrator: OVER THE NEXT WEEK, 442 00:29:15,755 --> 00:29:18,856 KENNEDY AND KHRUSHCHEV SEND LETTERS BACK AND FORTH, 443 00:29:18,958 --> 00:29:22,659 EACH DEMANDING THE OTHER BACK DOWN. 444 00:29:22,762 --> 00:29:26,897 THE TURNING POINT IN THE CRISIS COMES ON OCTOBER 27. 445 00:29:26,999 --> 00:29:29,600 PRESIDENT KENNEDY AGREES NOT TO INVADE CUBA 446 00:29:29,702 --> 00:29:32,469 AND PROPOSES TO PULL U.S. MISSILES OUT OF TURKEY 447 00:29:32,571 --> 00:29:35,639 IF KHRUSHCHEV REMOVES HIS MISSILES FROM CUBA. 448 00:29:35,741 --> 00:29:38,976 A DAY LATER, KHRUSHCHEV ACCEPTS THE OFFER 449 00:29:39,078 --> 00:29:41,478 WITHOUT CONSULTING CASTRO. 450 00:29:41,580 --> 00:29:45,849 CASTRO IS FURIOUS THAT HE IS CUT OUT OF THE CONVERSATION. 451 00:29:47,419 --> 00:29:50,254 WE WILL NOT, OF COURSE, ABANDON THE POLITICAL, ECONOMIC, 452 00:29:50,356 --> 00:29:52,523 AND OTHER EFFORTS OF THIS HEMISPHERE 453 00:29:52,625 --> 00:29:56,226 TO HALT SUBVERSION FROM CUBA NOR OUR PURPOSE AND HOPE 454 00:29:56,328 --> 00:30:00,164 THAT THE CUBAN PEOPLE SHALL SOMEDAY BE TRULY FREE. 455 00:30:00,266 --> 00:30:02,332 Narrator: DESPITE KENNEDY'S DECLARATION 456 00:30:02,434 --> 00:30:05,969 THAT CASTRO MUST MAKE HIS PEOPLE "TRULY FREE," 457 00:30:06,071 --> 00:30:09,006 YEARS PASS WITH NO CHANGE. 458 00:30:11,644 --> 00:30:13,844 Male reporter: CUBA IS SEPARATED FROM THE UNITED STATES 459 00:30:13,946 --> 00:30:18,248 BY 90 MILES OF OCEAN AND 15 YEARS OF HISTORY. 460 00:30:18,350 --> 00:30:20,284 GEOGRAPHICALLY NEAR, 461 00:30:20,386 --> 00:30:23,420 CUBA IDEOLOGICALLY FORMS PART OF ANOTHER WORLD. 462 00:30:27,793 --> 00:30:31,028 FIDEL CASTRO IS ITS ONE FAMILIAR FIGURE. 463 00:30:31,130 --> 00:30:34,164 DYNAMIC, ELOQUENT, AUTHORITARIAN, 464 00:30:34,266 --> 00:30:36,366 HE'S A MAN WHO COULD LEGITIMATELY BE REGARDED 465 00:30:36,468 --> 00:30:40,838 AS EITHER A HERO OR AS A TYRANT OR AS BOTH AT THE SAME TIME. 466 00:30:40,940 --> 00:30:42,306 Tom Streithorst: IT HAS BEEN TWO YEARS 467 00:30:42,408 --> 00:30:44,575 SINCE OUR LAST VISIT TO CUBA. 468 00:30:44,677 --> 00:30:46,577 WHAT WE FOUND NEW 469 00:30:46,679 --> 00:30:49,446 WERE A MARGINAL INCREASE IN THE LIVING STANDARD 470 00:30:49,548 --> 00:30:52,182 WITH SIGNS THAT THIS MIGHT GET BETTER STILL, 471 00:30:52,284 --> 00:30:54,518 A GROWING RELIANCE ON THE SOVIET UNION 472 00:30:54,620 --> 00:30:56,854 AS A MODEL IN ALL THINGS ECONOMIC. 473 00:30:56,956 --> 00:31:00,490 WHAT WE DIDN'T FIND WERE ANY INDICATION 474 00:31:00,593 --> 00:31:03,093 OF A RELAXATION IDEOLOGICALLY. 475 00:31:03,195 --> 00:31:06,630 THIS REGIME IS BASED ON MASS MOBILIZATION 476 00:31:06,732 --> 00:31:08,765 AND THOUGHT CONTROL. 477 00:31:08,868 --> 00:31:11,969 OUTSIDE THE FRAMEWORK OF MARXISM-LENINISM, 478 00:31:12,071 --> 00:31:14,705 FREEDOM OF THOUGHT JUST DOESN'T EXIST. 479 00:31:14,807 --> 00:31:17,774 IT'S AN UNWANTED RELIC OF THE PAST. 480 00:31:17,877 --> 00:31:19,443 WHAT WOULD YOU LIKE AMERICANS 481 00:31:19,545 --> 00:31:21,778 TO KNOW ABOUT YOU AND CUBA, 482 00:31:21,881 --> 00:31:24,314 AND COULD YOU POSSIBLY SAY IT IN ENGLISH 483 00:31:24,416 --> 00:31:26,483 SO THEY COULD UNDERSTAND? 484 00:31:26,585 --> 00:31:28,151 IN ENGLISH? 485 00:31:28,254 --> 00:31:30,687 I AM NOT WELL IN ENGLISH. 486 00:31:30,789 --> 00:31:31,989 WELL, THEN IN SPANISH. 487 00:31:32,091 --> 00:31:34,391 GOOD WISH FOR THE PEOPLE TO THE UNITED STATES. 488 00:31:34,493 --> 00:31:35,659 GOOD WISHES. 489 00:31:35,761 --> 00:31:37,895 WISH OF UNDERSTANDING. 490 00:31:37,997 --> 00:31:40,764 WISH OF FRIENDSHIP. 491 00:31:42,534 --> 00:31:44,401 I UNDERSTAND IT IS NOT EASY 492 00:31:44,503 --> 00:31:49,039 BECAUSE WE BELONG TO TWO DIFFERENT WORLDS. 493 00:31:49,141 --> 00:31:51,909 WE ARE NEIGHBORS, 494 00:31:52,011 --> 00:31:54,378 AND IN ONE WAY OR ANOTHER, 495 00:31:54,480 --> 00:31:58,081 WE OUGHT TO LIVE IN PEACE, 496 00:31:58,183 --> 00:32:00,284 UNITED STATES AND CUBA. 497 00:32:00,386 --> 00:32:02,686 Narrator: THOUGH CASTRO IS FIRMLY ENTRENCHED 498 00:32:02,788 --> 00:32:06,623 AS CUBA'S LEADER, NEWS OF CONTINUING EFFORTS 499 00:32:06,725 --> 00:32:10,827 BY THE UNITED STATES TO DO AWAY WITH HIM BECOMES PUBLIC. 500 00:32:10,930 --> 00:32:13,830 SENATOR GEORGE McGOVERN, WHO RECENTLY VISITED CUBA, 501 00:32:13,933 --> 00:32:16,934 TOLD A NEWS CONFERENCE TODAY THAT FIDEL CASTRO BELIEVED 502 00:32:17,036 --> 00:32:21,171 THE CIA HAD BEEN INVOLVED IN A SERIES OF PLOTS ON HIS LIFE. 503 00:32:21,273 --> 00:32:23,340 Female reporter: OVER A PERIOD OF SEVERAL YEARS 504 00:32:23,442 --> 00:32:26,476 IN THE EARLY SIXTIES, CONGRESSIONAL INVESTIGATORS 505 00:32:26,578 --> 00:32:27,778 DETERMINED THAT THERE WERE AT LEAST 506 00:32:27,880 --> 00:32:31,648 8 CIA-LED ATTEMPTS TO KILL FIDEL CASTRO. 507 00:32:33,585 --> 00:32:35,953 Narrator: WHEN CASTRO ROSE TO POWER, 508 00:32:36,055 --> 00:32:38,055 TWO OF THE PROMISES HE MADE WERE TO IMPROVE 509 00:32:38,157 --> 00:32:41,792 THE NATION'S EDUCATION AND HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS. 510 00:32:43,228 --> 00:32:47,431 HIS REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT HAS CREATED 10,000 NEW CLASSROOMS, 511 00:32:47,533 --> 00:32:51,268 AND THE SCHOOLS ARE BETTER THAN BEFORE CASTRO TOOK POWER, 512 00:32:51,370 --> 00:32:54,371 AND DESPITE A LACK OF SUPPLIES, CUBA'S DOCTORS 513 00:32:54,473 --> 00:32:56,673 ARE SOME OF THE BEST-TRAINED IN THE WORLD. 514 00:32:58,444 --> 00:33:01,411 AND FINALLY THIS EVENING, WHAT WE MIGHT CALL MEDICUBA, 515 00:33:01,513 --> 00:33:04,548 THE STORY OF WHAT HAPPENED TO AN INTREPID CORRESPONDENT OF OURS, 516 00:33:04,650 --> 00:33:08,352 FRED FRANCIS, WHEN HE WENT TO CUBA TO COVER A POLITICAL EVENT 517 00:33:08,454 --> 00:33:10,954 AND ENDED UP WITH A MEDICAL EVENT OF HIS OWN. 518 00:33:11,056 --> 00:33:13,557 Francis: CALIXTO GARCIA HOSPITAL IN HAVANA 519 00:33:13,659 --> 00:33:17,494 HAS ONE OF THE BUSIEST EMERGENCY ROOMS IN THIS HEMISPHERE. 520 00:33:17,596 --> 00:33:20,931 IT HANDLES MORE THAN 700 PATIENTS A DAY. 521 00:33:21,033 --> 00:33:22,866 ONLY A HANDFUL OF AMERICAN HOSPITALS, 522 00:33:22,968 --> 00:33:25,502 LIKE BELLEVIEW IN NEW YORK AND COOK COUNTY IN CHICAGO, 523 00:33:25,604 --> 00:33:27,971 CARE FOR THAT MANY PATIENTS EACH DAY, 524 00:33:28,073 --> 00:33:31,908 AND THE QUALITY OF CARE HERE IS VERY GOOD. 525 00:33:32,011 --> 00:33:34,511 IT IS ALSO FREE OF CHARGE. 526 00:33:34,613 --> 00:33:38,348 ALL HEALTH CARE FOR CUBA'S 9.5 MILLION PEOPLE IS FREE. 527 00:33:38,450 --> 00:33:41,451 I HAD TO BE RUSHED TO THE EMERGENCY ROOM ONE MORNING. 528 00:33:41,553 --> 00:33:43,720 I WAS SUFFERING WITH SEVERE BURNING ABDOMINAL PAIN 529 00:33:43,822 --> 00:33:45,689 IN MY LEFT SIDE. 530 00:33:45,791 --> 00:33:48,191 I WAS IN THE HOSPITAL TWO DAYS, AND I COULD SEE EVIDENCE 531 00:33:48,293 --> 00:33:51,261 OF THE AMERICAN ECONOMIC BLOCKADE EVERYWHERE. 532 00:33:51,363 --> 00:33:53,463 MUCH OF THE EQUIPMENT WAS OLD. 533 00:33:53,565 --> 00:33:56,233 THIS X-RAY MACHINE, USED IN A UROGRAM TEST 534 00:33:56,335 --> 00:33:59,503 TO LOCATE MY KIDNEY STONES, WAS RUSTED. 535 00:33:59,605 --> 00:34:02,472 THERE IS ALSO SHORTAGE OF BASIC HOSPITAL TOOLS 536 00:34:02,574 --> 00:34:05,575 LIKE NEEDLES, SYRINGES, AND EVEN BED PANS. 537 00:34:05,677 --> 00:34:07,844 I RECEIVED GOOD CARE AND GOOD DRUGS, 538 00:34:07,946 --> 00:34:09,946 IN FACT, AMERICAN DRUGS. 539 00:34:10,049 --> 00:34:12,416 MEDICINES FROM THE UNITED STATES COST A LOT MORE HERE 540 00:34:12,518 --> 00:34:15,385 BECAUSE CUBA MUST GET THEM THROUGH CANADA AND MEXICO 541 00:34:15,487 --> 00:34:17,721 TO CIRCUMVENT THE BLOCKADE. 542 00:34:19,691 --> 00:34:21,224 Narrator: CASTRO MAKES A POINT OF SENDING 543 00:34:21,326 --> 00:34:24,494 HIS WELL-TRAINED DOCTORS TO LEFT-LEANING ALLIED NATIONS 544 00:34:24,596 --> 00:34:27,564 THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, 545 00:34:27,666 --> 00:34:30,934 BUT IT'S NOT JUST DOCTORS CASTRO EXPORTS. 546 00:34:31,036 --> 00:34:34,204 IT'S SOLDIERS AND WEAPONS OF WAR. 547 00:34:34,306 --> 00:34:38,475 CASTRO BEGINS TAKING HIS HARDWARE OF REVOLUTION OVERSEAS. 548 00:35:18,117 --> 00:35:21,384 Narrator: CASTRO STAYS TRUE TO HIS WORD. 549 00:35:21,487 --> 00:35:24,821 HE SENDS CUBAN TROOPS TO ASSIST A GROUP OF REVOLUTIONARIES 550 00:35:24,923 --> 00:35:27,791 FIGHTING FOR CONTROL OF ANGOLA. 551 00:35:27,893 --> 00:35:30,694 THEY ARE CALLED THE MPLA. 552 00:35:32,197 --> 00:35:34,030 Male reporter: BY THE MOST AUTHORITATIVE ESTIMATES, 553 00:35:34,133 --> 00:35:36,766 CUBA SENT 18,000 TROOPS TO ANGOLA. 554 00:35:36,869 --> 00:35:39,936 THIS ARMY LOOKS WELL-EQUIPPED, HAS NEW RUSSIAN WEAPONS, 555 00:35:40,038 --> 00:35:43,540 AMPHIBIOUS TANKS, AND MODERN SAM MISSILE LAUNCHERS. 556 00:35:43,642 --> 00:35:47,043 Narrator: THE ANGOLA CIVIL WAR BEGINS IN 1975 557 00:35:47,146 --> 00:35:50,280 AFTER ANGOLA GAINS ITS INDEPENDENCE FROM PORTUGAL. 558 00:35:50,382 --> 00:35:54,151 THE FIGHT BETWEEN TWO OPPOSING REBEL GROUPS 559 00:35:54,253 --> 00:35:57,320 BECOMES A LIGHTNING ROD OF THE COLD WAR. 560 00:35:57,422 --> 00:35:59,856 THE UNITED STATES AND SOUTH AFRICA 561 00:35:59,958 --> 00:36:01,858 BACK THE REBEL GROUP 562 00:36:01,960 --> 00:36:05,295 CALLED THE NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT OF ANGOLA. 563 00:36:05,397 --> 00:36:11,034 THE SOVIET UNION AND CUBA SEND TROOPS AND SUPPLIES TO THE MPLA. 564 00:36:11,136 --> 00:36:13,904 CASTRO'S MOVE TO BECOME INVOLVED IN THE WAR 565 00:36:14,006 --> 00:36:16,506 ENRAGES THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, 566 00:36:16,608 --> 00:36:21,378 WHICH FEELS CASTRO IS EXPORTING HIS BRAND OF COMMUNISM. 567 00:36:21,480 --> 00:36:25,282 CASTRO SAYS SENDING CUBAN TROOPS TO HELP THE MPLA, 568 00:36:25,384 --> 00:36:29,386 WHICH ALIGNS ITSELF WITH CASTRO'S SOCIALIST BELIEFS, 569 00:36:29,488 --> 00:36:32,622 IS HIS DUTY AS A REVOLUTIONARY. 570 00:36:50,108 --> 00:36:52,008 Narrator: IN THE LATE 1970s, 571 00:36:52,110 --> 00:36:55,579 SOME SAY HIS TOUGHNESS BEGINS TO SOFTEN. 572 00:36:55,681 --> 00:36:58,048 Robin Lloyd: CUBA'S FIDEL CASTRO HAS OFTEN BEEN DESCRIBED 573 00:36:58,150 --> 00:37:00,850 AS A MAN TOO AMBITIOUS FOR TOO SMALL A COUNTRY, 574 00:37:00,953 --> 00:37:03,119 A REVOLUTIONARY, NOT A STATESMAN, 575 00:37:03,222 --> 00:37:05,722 A MAN MANY LATIN AMERICAN LEADERS FEARED, 576 00:37:05,824 --> 00:37:08,325 BUT NOW SOME POLITICAL ANALYSTS SAY AN OLDER, 577 00:37:08,427 --> 00:37:11,761 MORE MODERATE CASTRO MAY BE TRYING TO CHANGE THAT IMAGE. 578 00:37:14,967 --> 00:37:18,735 Narrator: IN 1980, AS A WAY OF RELIEVING POLITICAL UNREST, 579 00:37:18,837 --> 00:37:21,771 CASTRO ALLOWS CUBANS WHO WISH TO LEAVE THE COUNTRY 580 00:37:21,873 --> 00:37:24,774 TO DO JUST THAT. 581 00:37:24,876 --> 00:37:27,711 CUBA'S ECONOMY IS SUFFERING. 582 00:37:27,813 --> 00:37:30,447 TENSIONS ARE RUNNING HIGH. 583 00:37:30,549 --> 00:37:34,317 WEARY OF CASTRO'S ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL REPRESSION, 584 00:37:34,419 --> 00:37:38,588 TENS OF THOUSANDS OF CUBANS FLEE TO THE UNITED STATES. 585 00:37:38,690 --> 00:37:41,491 THIS ACTION IS CALLED THE MARIEL BOATLIFT. 586 00:37:41,593 --> 00:37:43,627 Lloyd: SOME TWO MILES OFF THE COAST OF CUBA, 587 00:37:43,729 --> 00:37:45,128 THIS IS WHAT YOU SEE-- 588 00:37:45,230 --> 00:37:46,896 A SINGLE-FILE PROCESSION OF BOATS 589 00:37:46,999 --> 00:37:50,400 EXTENDING FOR MILES ON THEIR WAY TO THE PORT OF MARIEL. 590 00:37:50,502 --> 00:37:51,835 Male reporter: THE CUBAN PORT OF MARIEL 591 00:37:51,937 --> 00:37:54,104 IS JAMMED WITH SHIPS OF ALL SIZES. 592 00:37:54,206 --> 00:37:57,207 AT LATEST COUNT, 1,300 BOATS HAVE ARRIVED HERE. 593 00:37:57,309 --> 00:37:58,408 Male reporter: THESE ARE THE PEOPLE 594 00:37:58,510 --> 00:38:00,043 THAT THE CASTRO GOVERNMENT HAS CALLED 595 00:38:00,145 --> 00:38:04,748 WORMS, BUMS, PROSTITUTES, AND PARASITES. 596 00:38:04,850 --> 00:38:07,617 WHAT THEY DO SEEM TO BE IS A VERY HAPPY PEOPLE, 597 00:38:07,719 --> 00:38:09,653 HAPPY TO BE LEAVING THE COUNTRY OF THEIR BIRTH 598 00:38:09,755 --> 00:38:12,022 FOR A NEW START IN THE UNITED STATES. 599 00:38:12,124 --> 00:38:13,690 [CASTRO SPEAKING SPANISH] 600 00:38:31,276 --> 00:38:33,076 [CROWD CHEERING] 601 00:38:33,178 --> 00:38:35,111 Narrator: WITHIN MONTHS, 602 00:38:35,213 --> 00:38:39,215 125,000 CUBANS HAVE EMIGRATED TO THE UNITED STATES. 603 00:38:41,453 --> 00:38:44,988 THE BOATLIFT HAS BECOME A POLITICAL NIGHTMARE IN THE U.S., 604 00:38:45,090 --> 00:38:47,257 WITH MANY AMERICANS BURNED OUT 605 00:38:47,359 --> 00:38:51,328 FROM THE NONSTOP ARRIVAL OF CASTRO'S CUBANS. 606 00:38:51,430 --> 00:38:54,597 MANY BELIEVE CASTRO IS EMPTYING HIS JAILS 607 00:38:54,700 --> 00:38:56,933 AND SENDING CRIMINALS TO FLORIDA. 608 00:38:58,737 --> 00:39:01,204 AT THE END OF OCTOBER 1980, 609 00:39:01,306 --> 00:39:05,442 CASTRO CLOSES THE PORT OF MARIEL TO BOATS FROM AMERICA. 610 00:39:05,544 --> 00:39:09,446 IN TURN, THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BANS THE ARRIVAL 611 00:39:09,548 --> 00:39:12,349 OF ANY MORE IMMIGRANTS FROM CUBA. 612 00:39:12,451 --> 00:39:16,453 THE END OF THE BOATLIFT COMES FIVE DAYS BEFORE RONALD REAGAN 613 00:39:16,555 --> 00:39:20,523 IS ELECTED PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 614 00:39:20,625 --> 00:39:23,960 DURING HIS PRESIDENCY, THE TOUGH-TALKING REAGAN 615 00:39:24,062 --> 00:39:28,565 DOES NOT MINCE WORDS WHEN IT COMES TO FIDEL CASTRO. 616 00:39:28,667 --> 00:39:30,266 OVER THE PAST FEW WEEKS, FIDEL CASTRO 617 00:39:30,369 --> 00:39:32,068 HAS BEEN MAKING ANTI-AMERICAN SPEECHES 618 00:39:32,170 --> 00:39:33,937 AND STAGING ANTI-AMERICAN RALLIES 619 00:39:34,039 --> 00:39:36,773 AS HE CELEBRATES 25 YEARS IN POWER. 620 00:39:36,875 --> 00:39:38,742 LAST NIGHT, IT WAS PRESIDENT REAGAN'S TURN 621 00:39:38,844 --> 00:39:41,244 TO MARK THE ANNIVERSARY OF THE CUBAN REVOLUTION. 622 00:39:41,346 --> 00:39:44,280 Reagan: THE MOST IMPORTANT QUESTION REMAINS, 623 00:39:44,383 --> 00:39:45,782 WHERE IS CUBA HEADING? 624 00:39:45,884 --> 00:39:48,418 CUBA'S ECONOMY IS INCAPABLE OF PROVIDING YOU 625 00:39:48,520 --> 00:39:51,588 AND YOUR FAMILIES YOUR MOST ELEMENTARY NEEDS, 626 00:39:51,690 --> 00:39:54,524 DESPITE MASSIVE SUBSIDIES FROM ABROAD, 627 00:39:54,626 --> 00:39:57,327 BUT YOUR LEADERS TELL YOU, "DON'T COMPLAIN. 628 00:39:57,429 --> 00:39:59,129 "DON'T EXPECT IMPROVEMENT. 629 00:39:59,231 --> 00:40:01,231 JUST BE READY FOR MORE SACRIFICE," 630 00:40:01,333 --> 00:40:03,700 BUT WHY ARE YOUR LEADERS SO UNWILLING 631 00:40:03,802 --> 00:40:06,603 TO LET YOU HEAR WHAT OTHERS THINK AND SAY? 632 00:40:06,705 --> 00:40:09,906 IF THE POWER OF TRUTH IS ON THEIR SIDE, 633 00:40:10,008 --> 00:40:12,742 WHY SHOULD THEY NEED TO CENSOR ANYONE'S VIEWS? 634 00:40:12,844 --> 00:40:16,946 YOUR SYSTEM, WHICH YOU SAY WORKS VERY WELL, 635 00:40:17,048 --> 00:40:20,450 IT DOES PRESUPPOSE THAT THE LEADERSHIP 636 00:40:20,552 --> 00:40:24,921 OF THE COUNTRY, YOU, ARE ALWAYS RIGHT, 637 00:40:25,023 --> 00:40:26,356 THAT YOU ARE INFALLIBLE. 638 00:40:26,458 --> 00:40:28,658 IS THAT NOT SO? 639 00:40:28,760 --> 00:40:30,560 Interpreter: NO. IT DOES NOT PRESUPPOSE THAT. 640 00:40:30,662 --> 00:40:34,364 YOU WILL NOT SEE A STATUE OF ME ANYWHERE 641 00:40:34,466 --> 00:40:37,434 NOR A SCHOOL WITH MY NAME 642 00:40:37,536 --> 00:40:39,202 NOR A STREET 643 00:40:39,304 --> 00:40:40,937 NOR A LITTLE TOWN 644 00:40:41,039 --> 00:40:43,840 NOR ANY TYPE OF PERSONALITY CULT. 645 00:40:43,942 --> 00:40:45,308 WE HAVE ALWAYS BEEN HONEST. 646 00:40:45,410 --> 00:40:47,510 WE HAVE ALWAYS TOLD THEM THE TRUTH. 647 00:40:47,612 --> 00:40:53,249 THESE PEOPLE KNOW THAT FROM THE GOVERNMENT, 648 00:40:53,351 --> 00:40:55,351 A LIE HAS NEVER BEEN TOLD TO THEM, 649 00:40:55,454 --> 00:40:58,822 AND I ASK YOU TO GO TO THE WORLD, TOUR THE WORLD, 650 00:40:58,924 --> 00:41:02,725 AND GO TO THE UNITED STATES AND ASK IF THEY CAN SAY 651 00:41:02,828 --> 00:41:06,963 WHAT I CAN SAY, THAT I HAVE NEVER TOLD A LIE TO THE PEOPLE. 652 00:41:07,065 --> 00:41:08,932 BUT WHAT IF THEY DO DISAGREE 653 00:41:09,034 --> 00:41:10,567 WITH THE REVOLUTION AND THEY'RE CUBAN? 654 00:41:10,669 --> 00:41:13,036 WHY CAN'T THEY STAY HERE AND VOICE THEIR OPINION? 655 00:41:13,138 --> 00:41:16,039 Interpreter: WE ACCEPT THEIR POSITION WITHIN THE REVOLUTION, 656 00:41:16,141 --> 00:41:17,073 NOT AGAINST THE REVOLUTION. 657 00:41:17,175 --> 00:41:20,043 NO ONE FORCES THEM TO STAY. 658 00:41:20,145 --> 00:41:21,744 Narrator: MARIA SHRIVER IS THE NIECE 659 00:41:21,847 --> 00:41:24,414 OF FORMER PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY, 660 00:41:24,516 --> 00:41:28,618 AND SHE HAS A SPECIAL INTEREST IN QUESTIONING CASTRO. 661 00:41:28,720 --> 00:41:30,620 Shriver: BACK IN THE EARLY SIXTIES, 662 00:41:30,722 --> 00:41:31,621 THERE WERE REPORTS 663 00:41:31,723 --> 00:41:34,190 OF MANY ASSASSINATION PLOTS AGAINST YOU. 664 00:41:34,292 --> 00:41:36,960 THERE ARE THEORIES THAT YOU KNEW 665 00:41:37,062 --> 00:41:39,062 ABOUT THESE ASSASSINATION PLOTS, 666 00:41:39,164 --> 00:41:41,898 THAT YOU HELD PRESIDENT KENNEDY RESPONSIBLE, 667 00:41:42,000 --> 00:41:44,200 AND THAT YOU, IN TURN, 668 00:41:44,302 --> 00:41:46,302 WERE INVOLVED IN HIS ASSASSINATION. 669 00:41:46,404 --> 00:41:48,071 [INTERPRETER SPEAKING SPANISH] 670 00:41:48,173 --> 00:41:52,876 DID YOU HAVE ANYTHING TO DO WITH IT? 671 00:41:52,978 --> 00:41:55,245 Interpreter: I CAN'T ANSWER THAT QUESTION. 672 00:41:55,347 --> 00:41:57,614 I DON'T ACCEPT THAT. NO, NO. 673 00:41:57,716 --> 00:42:00,350 I CANNOT ACCEPT SUCH A CHARGE. 674 00:42:00,452 --> 00:42:03,753 TO PLAN AN ACTION AGAINST THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 675 00:42:03,855 --> 00:42:07,824 IS SOMETHING IRRESPONSIBLE, MAD, 676 00:42:07,926 --> 00:42:12,395 BECAUSE I SAW IN KENNEDY AN ADVERSARY, 677 00:42:12,497 --> 00:42:14,731 AN INTELLIGENT, A CAPABLE ONE. 678 00:42:14,833 --> 00:42:17,033 THE DAY WHEN KENNEDY WAS MURDERED, 679 00:42:17,135 --> 00:42:19,636 I FELT SOMETHING EMPTY. 680 00:42:19,738 --> 00:42:23,072 ACTUALLY, IT HURT ME, I MUST TELL YOU VERY HONESTLY, 681 00:42:23,174 --> 00:42:26,576 BECAUSE I THOUGHT IT WAS AN UNFAIR DEATH. 682 00:42:28,780 --> 00:42:31,080 Narrator: THROUGHOUT THE LATE 1980s, 683 00:42:31,182 --> 00:42:34,851 CASTRO CONTINUES TO HAMMER AWAY AT THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT, 684 00:42:34,953 --> 00:42:37,587 SAYING, DESPITE THE U.S. EMBARGO, 685 00:42:37,689 --> 00:42:41,391 HIS REVOLUTION IS ALIVE AND WELL IN CUBA. 686 00:42:41,493 --> 00:42:43,993 Dennis Murphy: IN HIS SPEECH, CASTRO TOLD A HUGE AUDIENCE 687 00:42:44,095 --> 00:42:46,896 THAT THE AMERICAN EMBARGO OF CUBA HAD CAUSED HARDSHIP 688 00:42:46,998 --> 00:42:49,432 BUT WAS ULTIMATELY GOOD BECAUSE IT DEMANDED 689 00:42:49,534 --> 00:42:51,634 THAT CUBANS BECOME SELF-RELIANT, 690 00:42:51,736 --> 00:42:55,238 BUT SELF-RELIANT IS NOT SELF-SUFFICIENT. 691 00:42:55,340 --> 00:42:57,240 Narrator: AS CASTRO APPROACHES THE END 692 00:42:57,342 --> 00:42:59,409 OF THREE DECADES OF RULE, 693 00:42:59,511 --> 00:43:04,347 HIS ISLAND NATION REMAINS STRAPPED BY THE U.S. EMBARGO, 694 00:43:04,449 --> 00:43:07,016 AND THERE'S NO END IN SIGHT. 695 00:43:08,253 --> 00:43:10,887 ON DECEMBER 26, 1991, 696 00:43:10,989 --> 00:43:15,291 THE BOTTOM DROPS OUT ON CASTRO'S CUBA. 697 00:43:15,393 --> 00:43:17,927 THE SOVIET UNION COLLAPSES. 698 00:43:18,029 --> 00:43:20,597 A MAJOR PERCENTAGE OF THE CUBAN ECONOMY 699 00:43:20,699 --> 00:43:24,867 IS BASED ON TRADE OR AID FROM THE SOVIETS. 700 00:43:24,970 --> 00:43:27,604 WITHOUT THAT INFLUX OF CASH, 701 00:43:27,706 --> 00:43:29,806 CASTRO MUST NOW LEAD HIS PEOPLE 702 00:43:29,908 --> 00:43:33,576 THROUGH ONE OF THE NATION'S DARKEST TIMES. 703 00:43:33,678 --> 00:43:36,546 MANY BECOME DESPERATE AND RISK THEIR LIVES IN RAFTS 704 00:43:36,648 --> 00:43:40,283 TO ESCAPE CASTRO'S CUBA. 705 00:43:40,385 --> 00:43:44,921 CASTRO CALLS THIS THE SPECIAL PERIOD. 706 00:44:24,696 --> 00:44:26,129 [APPLAUSE] 707 00:44:28,366 --> 00:44:30,433 Narrator: DESPITE THE MASSIVE ECONOMIC STRUGGLES 708 00:44:30,535 --> 00:44:34,437 GOING ON INSIDE CUBA, OUTSIDE OF HIS COUNTRY, 709 00:44:34,539 --> 00:44:38,608 CASTRO MAINTAINS THE PERCEPTION OF BEING A WORLD LEADER. 710 00:44:38,710 --> 00:44:41,277 IN 1995, HE TRAVELS TO NEW YORK 711 00:44:41,379 --> 00:44:44,647 FOR THE 50th ANNIVERSARY OF THE UNITED NATIONS. 712 00:44:46,251 --> 00:44:48,918 Mike Wallace: I INTERVIEWED YOU FIRST IN 1960 713 00:44:49,020 --> 00:44:50,953 WHEN YOU WERE HERE, MR. PRESIDENT, 714 00:44:51,056 --> 00:44:52,288 AND WHAT HAPPENED? 715 00:44:52,390 --> 00:44:55,291 WHAT HAPPENED TO DEMOCRACY? WHAT HAPPENED TO FREE ELECTIONS? 716 00:44:55,393 --> 00:44:56,959 [CASTRO SPEAKING SPANISH] 717 00:44:57,062 --> 00:45:00,196 WE DISCOVERED OTHER FORMULAS OF DEMOCRACY. 718 00:45:00,298 --> 00:45:03,666 WE DISCOVERED DIFFERENT FORMULA, A MORE HONEST FORMULA 719 00:45:03,768 --> 00:45:05,535 TO HAVE THE PEOPLE PARTICIPATE. 720 00:45:05,637 --> 00:45:08,638 WE DISCOVERED THAT IT WAS BETTER THAN THE AMERICANS'. 721 00:45:08,740 --> 00:45:11,708 Narrator: AS HE HAS DONE BEFORE, CASTRO IS ABLE 722 00:45:11,810 --> 00:45:15,445 TO USE HIS CHARISMA TO WIN OVER EVEN HIS HARSHEST CRITICS... 723 00:45:15,547 --> 00:45:17,580 Translator: A DIFFERENT STYLE, YOU KNOW? 724 00:45:17,682 --> 00:45:20,950 [SPEAKS SPANISH] 725 00:45:21,052 --> 00:45:22,719 [LAUGHTER] 726 00:45:29,561 --> 00:45:32,128 Narrator: BUT THERE IS NO SOFTENING OF POLITICAL RELATIONS 727 00:45:32,230 --> 00:45:35,198 BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND CASTRO. 728 00:45:35,300 --> 00:45:39,969 A CUBAN MILITARY JET SHOOTS DOWN TWO CIVILIAN AIRPLANES 729 00:45:40,071 --> 00:45:43,306 JUST ONE YEAR AFTER HIS VISIT TO NEW YORK. 730 00:45:43,408 --> 00:45:47,810 CASTRO CLAIMS THE AIRPLANES VIOLATED CUBAN AIRSPACE. 731 00:45:47,912 --> 00:45:50,880 THE PLANES ARE FROM THE UNITED STATES. 732 00:45:50,982 --> 00:45:53,416 AT THE CONTROLS OF THE AIRCRAFT ARE FOUR PILOTS 733 00:45:53,518 --> 00:45:58,054 FROM AN ORGANIZATION CALLED BROTHERS TO THE RESCUE. 734 00:45:58,156 --> 00:46:00,356 THE GROUP GIVES ASSISTANCE TO CUBANS 735 00:46:00,458 --> 00:46:03,126 FLEEING THEIR COUNTRY BY BOAT. 736 00:46:03,228 --> 00:46:05,862 ALL FOUR OF THE PILOTS ARE KILLED. 737 00:46:07,098 --> 00:46:08,531 Male reporter; JUST FOUR DAYS AFTER CUBA 738 00:46:08,633 --> 00:46:11,000 SHOT THE TWO U.S. CIVILIAN PLANES OUT OF THE SKY, 739 00:46:11,102 --> 00:46:12,568 CONGRESS AND THE PRESIDENT CAME TO TERMS 740 00:46:12,670 --> 00:46:14,036 ON THE NEW STEPS AGAINST CUBA. 741 00:46:14,139 --> 00:46:16,072 THE BILL AIMS TO ECONOMICALLY STRANGLE CASTRO 742 00:46:16,174 --> 00:46:17,974 BY DISCOURAGING ALL FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN CUBA. 743 00:46:18,076 --> 00:46:21,744 Bill Clinton: IT WILL SEND A POWERFUL, UNIFIED MESSAGE 744 00:46:21,846 --> 00:46:25,581 FROM THE UNITED STATES TO HAVANA THAT THE YEARNING 745 00:46:25,683 --> 00:46:30,019 OF THE CUBAN PEOPLE FOR FREEDOM MUST NOT BE DENIED. 746 00:46:33,391 --> 00:46:35,725 Narrator: THE ADDITIONAL SANCTIONS AGAINST CUBA 747 00:46:35,827 --> 00:46:38,394 INCLUDE THE RIGHT OF THE UNITED STATES TO HALT TRADE 748 00:46:38,496 --> 00:46:42,932 WITH ANY NON-U.S. COMPANY THAT DOES BUSINESS WITH CUBA, 749 00:46:43,034 --> 00:46:45,768 FORCING COMPANIES TO CHOOSE-- 750 00:46:45,870 --> 00:46:48,271 DO BUSINESS WITH CASTRO 751 00:46:48,373 --> 00:46:51,307 OR DO BUSINESS WITH THE UNITED STATES. 752 00:46:51,409 --> 00:46:55,278 THREE YEARS LATER, THE BATTLE BETWEEN CASTRO AND THE U.S. 753 00:46:55,380 --> 00:46:58,514 EVOLVES INTO AN UNEXPECTED WAR OF WORDS, 754 00:46:58,616 --> 00:47:00,950 THIS TIME, IN A CUSTODY BATTLE 755 00:47:01,052 --> 00:47:04,453 OVER A SIX-YEAR-OLD REFUGEE NAMED ELIAN GONZALEZ. 756 00:47:06,457 --> 00:47:08,124 Pat Neal: THE BOY WAS FOUND FLOATING IN AN INNER TUBE 757 00:47:08,226 --> 00:47:10,259 OFF THE COAST OF FORT LAUDERDALE. 758 00:47:10,361 --> 00:47:13,529 FRIDAY, THE BODIES OF TWO WOMEN WERE FOUND OFF FORT PIERCE 759 00:47:13,631 --> 00:47:17,333 AND JUPITER, FLORIDA, INCLUDING THE BOY'S MOTHER. 760 00:47:17,435 --> 00:47:19,769 Male reporter: SIX-YEAR-OLD ELIAN GONZALEZ 761 00:47:19,871 --> 00:47:22,972 NOW POSES AN INTERNATIONAL CUSTODY DILEMMA. 762 00:47:23,074 --> 00:47:25,341 HERE HE IS PLAYING WITH COUSINS IN MIAMI 763 00:47:25,443 --> 00:47:27,677 FOLLOWING THE EMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICES 764 00:47:27,779 --> 00:47:30,713 PRONOUNCEMENT THAT HE CAN STAY IN THE UNITED STATES LEGALLY 765 00:47:30,815 --> 00:47:32,782 WITH HIS AUNT AND UNCLE. 766 00:47:32,884 --> 00:47:35,918 THE BOY'S BIOLOGICAL FATHER LIVES IN CARDENAS, CUBA, 767 00:47:36,020 --> 00:47:37,720 AND SAID ON CUBAN TELEVISION OVER THE WEEKEND 768 00:47:37,822 --> 00:47:40,389 HE WANTS ELIAN RETURNED TO HIM. 769 00:47:40,491 --> 00:47:43,426 HIS RELATIVES IN MIAMI DO NOT PLAN TO COMPLY. 770 00:47:43,528 --> 00:47:45,962 [CHANTING] 771 00:47:46,064 --> 00:47:49,031 Susan Candiotti: THE BOY REMAINS A POSTER CHILD FOR CUBAN EXILES. 772 00:47:49,133 --> 00:47:50,933 THEY'VE MADE HIM A MYTHICAL FIGURE 773 00:47:51,035 --> 00:47:54,503 AND A SYMBOL OF DEFIANCE AGAINST A COMMUNIST REGIME. 774 00:47:54,606 --> 00:47:56,739 [APPLAUSE] 775 00:47:56,841 --> 00:48:00,109 FIDEL CASTRO HAS ALSO MADE THE BOY A SYMBOL, 776 00:48:00,211 --> 00:48:02,144 CRITICIZING THE U.S., AS HE SAYS IT, 777 00:48:02,247 --> 00:48:05,815 FOR "COW-TOWING TO THE CUBAN-EXILE MAFIA." 778 00:48:16,461 --> 00:48:19,662 Male reporter: FEDERAL AGENTS ARRIVE 130 STRONG 779 00:48:19,764 --> 00:48:23,266 UNDER THE COVER OF DARKNESS SHORTLY AFTER 5 A.M. 780 00:48:23,368 --> 00:48:24,400 [MEN SHOUTING] 781 00:48:24,502 --> 00:48:26,736 THE SIX-YEAR-OLD WAS FOUND IN A BEDROOM CLOSET 782 00:48:26,838 --> 00:48:28,804 WITH ONE OF THE FISHERMAN WHO HAD RESCUED THE BOY 783 00:48:28,907 --> 00:48:31,274 OFF THE COAST OF FLORIDA LAST NOVEMBER. 784 00:48:31,376 --> 00:48:33,509 IT IS TIME FOR THIS LITTLE BOY, 785 00:48:33,611 --> 00:48:36,045 WHO HAS BEEN THROUGH SO VERY MUCH, 786 00:48:36,147 --> 00:48:39,282 TO MOVE ON WITH LIFE AT HIS FATHER'S SIDE. 787 00:48:51,796 --> 00:48:55,364 Narrator: WHEN GEORGE W. BUSH BECOMES PRESIDENT IN 2001 788 00:48:55,466 --> 00:48:59,068 AFTER A CONTESTED ELECTION WITH AL GORE, 789 00:48:59,170 --> 00:49:02,571 CASTRO WASTES NO TIME IN CRITICIZING AMERICA 790 00:49:02,674 --> 00:49:05,708 FOR THE MANNER OF HIS ELECTION. 791 00:49:05,810 --> 00:49:08,577 CASTRO SAYS ELECTIONS IN HIS COUNTRY 792 00:49:08,680 --> 00:49:11,113 ARE FREE FROM THAT KIND OF SCANDAL. 793 00:49:11,215 --> 00:49:12,348 Translator: HE WAS NOT ELECTED. 794 00:49:12,450 --> 00:49:14,850 HE WAS APPOINTED PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 795 00:49:14,953 --> 00:49:19,588 OUR ELECTIONS ARE 10 TIMES CLEANER THAN THE ELECTIONS 796 00:49:19,691 --> 00:49:22,658 LIKE THOSE IN WHICH HE WAS ELECTED. 797 00:49:22,760 --> 00:49:25,294 HOW CAN ANYONE TALK ABOUT FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION... 798 00:49:25,396 --> 00:49:27,229 [SPEAKING SPANISH] 799 00:49:27,332 --> 00:49:29,298 Translator: WHEN A PRESIDENT NEEDS... 800 00:49:31,069 --> 00:49:33,803 $1.5 BILLION IN ADVERTISING 801 00:49:33,905 --> 00:49:37,640 TO SELL AN IMAGE OF HIMSELF? 802 00:49:37,742 --> 00:49:41,277 TODAY THERE IS ONLY ONE NATION IN OUR HEMISPHERE 803 00:49:41,379 --> 00:49:44,313 THAT IS NOT A DEMOCRACY, ONLY ONE. 804 00:49:45,683 --> 00:49:47,650 Narrator: PRESIDENT GEORGE W. BUSH 805 00:49:47,752 --> 00:49:49,585 CALLS FOR FREE ELECTIONS IN CUBA 806 00:49:49,687 --> 00:49:53,222 AS A WAY TO EASE THE UNITED STATES EMBARGO. 807 00:49:53,324 --> 00:49:55,624 THERE'S ONLY ONE NATIONAL LEADER WHOSE POSITION OF POWER 808 00:49:55,727 --> 00:49:58,995 OWES MORE TO BULLETS THAN BALLOTS. 809 00:49:59,097 --> 00:50:03,766 FIDEL CASTRO HAS A CHANCE TO ESCAPE THIS LONELY 810 00:50:03,868 --> 00:50:06,769 AND STAGNANT ISOLATION. 811 00:50:06,871 --> 00:50:09,772 IF HE ACCEPTS OUR OFFER, HE CAN BRING HELP TO HIS PEOPLE 812 00:50:09,874 --> 00:50:11,774 AND HOPE TO OUR RELATIONS, 813 00:50:11,876 --> 00:50:16,879 AND THE CHOICE RESTS WITH MR. CASTRO. 814 00:50:16,981 --> 00:50:19,382 Narrator: CASTRO SAYS THE EMBARGO IS BASED 815 00:50:19,484 --> 00:50:22,418 SOLELY ON POLITICS IN THE UNITED STATES 816 00:50:22,520 --> 00:50:25,054 AND MOST AMERICANS WANT IT ENDED, 817 00:50:25,156 --> 00:50:27,056 BUT HE FEARS LIFTING THE EMBARGO 818 00:50:27,158 --> 00:50:30,626 WOULD CREATE A DIFFERENT KIND OF DISASTER FOR HIS COUNTRY. 819 00:50:30,728 --> 00:50:32,128 [SPEAKING SPANISH] 820 00:50:32,230 --> 00:50:34,997 Interpreter: LET ME KNOW IN ADVANCE SO I CAN MOVE AWAY 821 00:50:35,099 --> 00:50:37,666 BECAUSE AN INVASION OF HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS 822 00:50:37,769 --> 00:50:41,704 OF AMERICAN CITIZENS IS ENOUGH TO MAKE US MOVE AWAY. 823 00:50:42,974 --> 00:50:45,007 Narrator: IN JULY 2006, 824 00:50:45,109 --> 00:50:48,310 CASTRO UNDERGOES SURGERY FOR INTESTINAL BLEEDING. 825 00:50:50,314 --> 00:50:52,648 CUBANS ARE NOTIFIED OF CASTRO'S ILLNESS 826 00:50:52,750 --> 00:50:55,217 IN AN ANNOUNCEMENT MADE BY CASTRO'S SECRETARY 827 00:50:55,319 --> 00:50:57,086 CARLOS VALENCIAGA, 828 00:50:57,188 --> 00:51:00,489 WHO READS A LETTER WRITTEN BY CASTRO. 829 00:51:30,655 --> 00:51:33,889 Narrator: TWO YEARS LATER IN 2008, 830 00:51:33,991 --> 00:51:36,559 CASTRO OFFICIALLY STEPS DOWN, 831 00:51:36,661 --> 00:51:39,061 HANDING OVER HIS COUNTRY'S PRESIDENCY 832 00:51:39,163 --> 00:51:41,464 TO HIS BROTHER RAUL. 833 00:51:41,566 --> 00:51:44,400 Man: RAUL CASTRO RUIZ. 834 00:51:44,502 --> 00:51:45,901 [APPLAUSE] 835 00:51:50,475 --> 00:51:51,974 Narrator: U.S. PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH 836 00:51:52,076 --> 00:51:55,377 IS IN RWANDA WHEN HE HEARS THE NEWS. 837 00:51:55,480 --> 00:51:58,881 SO I VIEW THIS AS A PERIOD OF TRANSITION, 838 00:51:58,983 --> 00:52:01,851 AND IT SHOULD BE THE BEGINNING OF THE DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION 839 00:52:01,953 --> 00:52:03,819 FOR THE PEOPLE IN CUBA. 840 00:52:03,921 --> 00:52:05,955 Narrator: DESPITE PRESIDENT BUSH'S HOPE 841 00:52:06,057 --> 00:52:07,923 FOR A DEMOCRATIC CUBA, 842 00:52:08,025 --> 00:52:11,560 AS CASTRO'S BROTHER RAUL TAKES CONTROL OF THE COUNTRY, 843 00:52:11,662 --> 00:52:16,632 HE VOWS TO KEEP FIDEL'S VISION FOR CUBA ALIVE AND WELL. 844 00:52:16,734 --> 00:52:19,969 THE NATION WILL REMAIN COMMUNIST. 845 00:52:20,071 --> 00:52:22,171 RAUL CASTRO HAS SAID, 846 00:52:22,273 --> 00:52:25,407 "THE REVOLUTION HAS GONE ON FOR 50 YEARS, 847 00:52:25,510 --> 00:52:28,344 AND IT WILL CONTINUE FOR 50 MORE." 848 00:52:39,257 --> 00:52:42,324 FOR THOSE WHO BELIEVE IN CASTRO'S REVOLUTION, 849 00:52:42,426 --> 00:52:45,227 HE WILL ALWAYS BE THE FATHER OF THE NATION. 850 00:52:46,731 --> 00:52:49,098 HIS FIGHT IN THE SIERRA MAESTRA MOUNTAINS 851 00:52:49,200 --> 00:52:51,734 IS THE STUFF OF CUBAN LEGEND. 852 00:52:58,342 --> 00:53:00,309 Narrator: THE CHARISMA AND COMPLEXITY HE SHOWED 853 00:53:00,411 --> 00:53:03,679 FROM HIS EARLIEST DAYS OF POWER NEVER FALTERED. 854 00:53:10,087 --> 00:53:13,222 Narrator: AT EVERY TURN THROUGH FIVE DECADES, 855 00:53:13,324 --> 00:53:17,393 CASTRO DEFIED THE UNITED STATES. 856 00:53:17,495 --> 00:53:20,896 Bush: DESPITE ALL HIS TOOLS OF OPPRESSION, 857 00:53:20,998 --> 00:53:25,501 FIDEL CASTRO WILL NEED TO ANSWER TO HIS PEOPLE. 858 00:54:18,556 --> 00:54:20,356 Male announcer: THIS PROGRAM WAS MADE POSSIBLE IN PARTT 859 00:54:20,458 --> 00:54:20,356 BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO YOUR PBS STATIONS FROM...